https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/geological-sites daily 0.75 2026-02-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1473282055813-IFEQBRVQBE9QOP3EFXOE/IMGP4243_sand_beach_Round_Lake_Bonnechere_Provincial_Park_July2916_fb.jpg Topics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1474635596408-47L6BGACIRKIFY8WLM71/Earth-magnetic-field_web_small.jpg Topics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1474667105620-KZNA6LWQUNLDBO5GDJR9/IMGP3375_geology_pothole_beside_Eramose_River_Rockwood_Conservation_Area_Guelph_July0516_fb.jpg Topics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1475591553556-9LWWJT2W413JOQQ7SPEY/IMGP2199_thalloid_liverwort_Lunularia_cruciata_Morris_Island_Conservation_Area_June1016.jpg Topics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1480361920252-L8FGZVPG1TCCV47YQ5MU/P1190471_geology_esker_cat_lake_Dec1013_squarespace_Andy_Fyon.JPG 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https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1674839140367-EF6APT66ZB0VJ49Y9GM3/thumbnail+P1060753_rugose+coral+nautiloid+cephalopod+and+burrow+traces+Tyndall+dolomitic+limestone+Ordovician+Parliament+building+Winnipeg+MB+Aug0111_ss.JPG Topics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1731330629119-2VH8M9VLBHM4VEUUPLHQ/Greater+Sudbury-20111109-00179_elisabeth_kosters_shatter_cone_ramsey_lake_road_sudbury_Nov0911+Fb.jpg Topics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/7a9bac10-cb78-4e89-aac3-c880e8178a1f/IMGP0602_geology_toe_of_Athabasca_Glacier_1992_Jasper+National+Park_Alberta_Aug0619+SS.JPG Topics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/b87a770c-9162-4534-9bd5-8835be3d72eb/IMGP8499+Harvest+moon+Tiverton+Nepean+ON+Oct0625+fb.JPG Topics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/64b227ba-24f8-4c18-bd73-c6506d523b44/IMGP2124+badlands+hoodoos+Red+Deer+River+valley+Rosedeer+AB+Aug1123+SS+Andy+Fyon.png Topics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/2f8e7955-b908-47a6-9dca-021fde1fc587/thumbnail+IMG3252_horsethief_canyon_Drumheller_Alberta_June2214+Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Topics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1473197369689-0STRJW8MY0STYPMJL9K8/IMGP4243_sand_beach_Round_Lake_Bonnechere_Provincial_Park_July2916_fb Topics The spectacular sand beach at Bonnechere Provincial Park was once a delta that formed at the end of the last ice age. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1476654359668-UXE018NMJFKX92BNRP58/ottawa+bonnechere+graben+cartoon+no+river_mo_trees_Andy+Fyon Topics Figure 1: A cartoon that illustrates how a graben zone, with a rift valley, forms when the Earth is pulled apart along big, parallel faults. The central land area drops down to fill the space left by the left and right blocks as they are pulled apart. That is where the rift valley forms. There can be several smaller rift valleys within one larger graben zone. Image by E. Ginn, 2016. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1473198039968-0VEHY5NMB5AC1YZCWZ0I/Ottawa_bonnechere_graben_map_wiki Topics Figure 2: The geographic extent of the Ottawa - Bonnechere graben or rift valley extends about 700 km from the area near Montreal, west to the area near Sudbury. Image from from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa-Bonnechere_Graben https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1476654309416-IGS0CCB4IF0VCRL5L0I2/ottawa+bonnechere+graben+cartoon+river_lakes_Andy+Fyon Topics Figure 3: The Ottawa-Bonnechere graben and the internal valleys and faults were major factors that controlled the location of large volumes of water, which shaped the land and ultimately became the Bonnechere River. Image by E. Ginn, 2016. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1476753187248-B7L8OI9UAYARQVE16LPK/Andy_Fyon_glaciation_OGS_MNDM_newsletter_Jan0915_small Topics Figure 4: Cartoon that shows the extent of the glacier during the last ice age, which started about 2 million years ago and ended about 13,000 years ago in the area we now call Bonnechere Provincial Park. Images constructed from data provided by Arthur S. Dyke (2004). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1473212754939-F3EYUOMDVROP1YJWB03A/_IMG3213_donjek_river_Yukon_Aug0108_small+Andy+Fyon Topics Figure 5: The Donjek River in Yukon is an analogue for the ancestral Bonnechere River. A melting glacier upriver releases a lot of meltwater which flows down the Donjek River, Yukon. That meltwater rushes over the flood plain, carrying a lot of suspended sand to silt-sized material. A delta formed where the ancestral Bonnechere River flowed into the ancestral Round Lake. Photo by Andy Fyon, August 1, 2008. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1473209337030-MDR93FK0FC1NH4EV3NR0/delta_peyto_lake+3+Andy+Fyon Topics Figure 6: A delta is formed where a rushing glacial meltwater river enters Peyto Lake, Alberta. The rushing river is contained between two mountains that act very much the way the margins of a Ottawa-Bonnechere graben served to contain the ancestral Bonnechere River. When the river enters the lake, it slows down and can no longer carry the clay and sand particles. The sand and gravel particles drop out to form the delta. Image from Google Earth. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1473203322708-97L0TF50YRE2WGHFW9O7/Basement+topography+of+Ottawa+Bonnechere+graben-page-001 Topics Figure 7: This depth to the rock basement images shows those areas of the basement rock that are topographically high (brown to white areas) and areas that are topographically low (light green). This type of image shows the Ottawa - Bonnechere graben rift valley very well (A, B, C) and the southern boundary Petawawa Fault E, D, E. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1473207457743-EKQFE0VUA67VMUM3TBCW/oxbow_alberta_example_for_Ottawa_Bonnechere_river+3_Andy_Fyon Topics Figure 8: A meandering river located in northern Alberta, photographed from an aircraft. The river snakes back and forth as it flows over flat ground. The curves are called meanders. When the meander curve becomes so tight that it erodes the land separating the two, the curves join together and the river closes back on itself, creating a shortcut for itself. The original river channel is cut off, the former river channel becomes isolated and slowly starts to fill in with vegetation and sedimentary material. That isolated, former river channel is called an oxbow lake (see Figure 7, below). One such area is illustrated in the photo that will soon become an abandoned channel and then an oxbow. Photo by Andy Fyon. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1482446067154-VS8DOKXTVD78OPXI5RKT/Foymount+to+Golden+Lake+To+Mattawa+Fault+Andy+Fyon+Dec2216_crop_small Topics The view across the Ottawa - Bonnechere Graben, from Foymount, Ontario, across Golden Lake to the Gatineau Hills that rise at the Mattawa Fault, Quebec. Photo by Andy Fyon, August 27, 2016. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1481423819943-P5M0K2MVMJ087DDNKOEU/continents_map Topics Figure 1: The location of the present day location of the continents that make up the earth. Image from: One World - Nations Online. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1481418274791-LHSUPWCAI6O35785UFFU/adiron+traditional+Rodinia+rifts+with+colors_wiki Topics Figure 2: About 1 billion years ago, the continents of the Earth were arranged into a supercontinent called Rodinia. The red band shows where Rodinia began to break apart 800 million years ago. The yellow band shows where the remaining part of Rodinia began to break apart 600 million years ago. The breakup of Rodinia was also responsible for the creation of the Ottawa - Bonnechere Graben. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1481247814137-9HA10OOB2EVA6ITVDS3E/ottawa+bonnechere+graben+cartoon+Andy+Fyon+2 Topics Figure 3: A cartoon that illustrates how a graben zone forms when the Earth's surface is pulled apart along big, parallel boundary faults. The central land area drops down to fill the space created when the left and right blocks spread apart. That is where a rift valley forms. Image by E. Ginn, 2016. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1481247872725-UKB8N8FUDWVPLDSFG4XG/Ottawa+graben+wiki+map_cut Topics Figure 4: The geographic extent of the Ottawa - Bonnechere graben extends about 700 km from the area near Montreal, west to the area near Sudbury. The northern boundary of the Ottawa - Bonnechere Graben is called the Mattawa Fault. The southern boundary is called the Petawawa Fault. Image from from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa-Bonnechere_Graben https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1481590137569-DS5PG8HIROPJ4WD32V25/SpreadingCenter Topics Figure 5: A triple junction forms where a mantle plume, a body of very hot rock that rises from deep within the Earth, pushes up against the bottom of the outer part of the Earth (crust). The crust breaks into three pie-shaped pieces. An "arm" separates each piece of the crust pie. Image from: wild-rocks.com https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1481557580984-I7EZ84JX9KG3J6YMA2P6/8_03_triple_junction_east_african_rift_triple_junction Topics Figure 6: An illustration of one of the most easily recognized triple junctions located in northeastern Africa. Three land blocks are spreading away from each other. They meet at a triple junction. The Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea are spreading and will lead to the formation of a large ocean. The East African Rift is considered to be a failed arm, which will not develop into an open ocean. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1481560481152-PPP6WJ96EXBF9PM789V5/Eyles+pangea+breakup+rift+systems_resize_rotate2 Topics Figure 7: A number of large rift systems were created in what we now call North America and South America as a result of the breakup of the supercontinent Rodinia, 600 million years ago, and of the supercontinent Pangea, 150 million years ago. In Ontario, the St. Lawrence rift and the Ottawa - Bonnechere Graben were created at this time. Image from Nick Eyles (2002) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1481591342394-K16PEFCPHKZL4Y7T66SY/wquzone_west_Quebec_earthquake_zone_Earthquakes_Canada Topics Figure 8: The image shows the location and magnitude of historic earthquakes in the area that includes the Ottawa - Bonnechere Graben. Between Ottawa and Pembroke, there are several very small earthquakes along the Ottawa - Bonnechere Graben. This suggests that the graben is not very active today. The main zone of earthquakes occurs in a northwesterly zone that starts near Plattsburg and runs towards Mount Laurier and Maniwaki (Quebec). Geologists do not absolutely understand the cause of these earthquakes. Image from: Earthquakes Canada. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1480988349833-F2X9PCBQ85EXG68WYNWL/2005Mar-fig-2_March+2005+LIP+of+the+Month_web Topics Figure 9: A cartoon reconstruction of the breakup of Roginia and the formation of the Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben (located to the right of Toronto) and other related graben zones, shown in red. Image from Per-Gunnar Andreasson et al. (2005). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1482195893637-4HHRUHOY6VF1EKUZVSR7/regional_view_Ottawa_Bonnechere_Graben_faults_NASA_shaded_relief_Dec1916_crop_Andy_Fyon Topics Figure 10: Shaded relief image, with colour as height. The regional distribution of the Ottawa - Bonnechere Graben, the Mattawa and Petawawa faults, and some cities: 1 = Ottawa; 2 = Arnprior; 3 = Pembroke; 4 = Foymount; 5 = North Bay; and 6 = Sudbury. Green areas are topographically low. Yellow areas are topographically high. Image from NASA. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1482186815509-PVEDG316P8EO7RY9RAFG/Foymount+Ottawa+Bonnechere+graben_crop_Andy_Fyon_Dec1916 Topics Figure 11: Looking to the west, the red line represents the trace of the Petawawa Fault, which is the southern boundary of the Ottawa - Bonnechere Graben. Image is a modified image from Google Earth. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1482192144353-FPEEZJMB8LWYVNLV0X0S/Petawawa_Fault_Cormac_Andy_Fyon Topics Figure 12: Looking to the southeast from the town of Cormac, on the valley floor of the Ottawa - Bonnechere Graben, at the steep cliff, which was created by the Petawawa fault - the southern boundary of the Ottawa - Bonnechere Graben. Photo by Andy Fyon, August 27, 2016. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1482198126022-HONYAV8ZH7G3BKW6ZQR9/Foymount+to+Golden+Lake+To+Mattawa+Fault+Andy+Fyon_crop Topics Figure 13: Looking northerly across the Ottawa - Bonnechere Graben from Foymount, on top of the Opeongo Mountains, across the Petawawa Fault (hidden by the trees in the front), across Golden Lake within the valley of the Ottawa - Bonnechere Graben, to the abrupt cliffs of the Gatineau Hills, which show the location of the Mattawa Fault. Photo by Andy Fyon, August 27, 2016. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1473858810629-MFGWIZ3IUX6X18ZWA1K6/P1280983_geology_potholes_cedar_on_Eramosa_Formation_dolomite_Rockwood_conservation_area_May0215_fb Topics A typical pothole preserved at the Rockwood Conservation Area, along the Eramosa River. The diameter of the pothole is about 2 metres. May 2, 2015 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1478883732822-630A06FV35OKYII0PNX8/canada_glaciation_13000_BP_Dyke_and_Prest_GSC1703A_fb_doc Topics Figure 1: An illustration showing the location of the glacier across North America at about 13,000 years ago. The glacier is coloured blue-white. Land that was ice-free is coloured yellow. The red triangle shows the approximate location of what is now called Rockwood Conservation Area. The land near what we now call the Rockwood Conservation Area was ice free at this time because the glacier melted due to a warming of the global temperature. Image from: Dyke, A S; Prest, V K. Geological Survey of Canada, "A" Series Map 1703A, 1987, ; 3 sheets, doi:10.4095/133927 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1477861813653-2ZB9CVTQBCTMY41VY26M/_IMG3531_glaciers_mountains_whitehorse_to_vancouver_Aug0508_fb_Andy_Fyon Topics Figure 2: This is a photograph of an alpine glacier in British Columbia. While not directly analogous to the continental glacier that covered all of Ontario 2 million years ago, the image does illustrate the extensive cover of ice that is possible during a period of time when glaciers covered almost all of Canada. Photo by Andy Fyon, August 5, 2008. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1478884021531-198UTQL2ER0NJC9UMK00/rockwood_conservation_area_ice_cover_13000_BP_Dyke_Prest_gsc_1703A Topics Figure 3: An illustration showing the location of the Rockwood Conservation Area (red triangle) and the glacier across part of southern Ontario at about 13,000 years ago. The glacier is coloured blue-white. Land that was ice-free is coloured yellow. The land near what we now call the Rockwood Conservation Area was ice free at this time because the glacier melted due to a warming of the global temperature. Image from: Dyke, A S; Prest, V K. Geological Survey of Canada, "A" Series Map 1703A, 1987, ; 3 sheets, doi:10.4095/133927 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1477786750140-XUI1IZTWEIM4HNK4KO29/_IMG2194_Athabaska_glacier_moraine_Columbia_Ice_fields_Friday_evening_July2211_fb_Andy_Fyon Topics Figure 4: This photo of the Athabaska glacier, Alberta, in the Rocky Mountains, illustrates what parts of southern Ontario likely looked like when the last glacier melted back about 15,000 years ago to expose the land to the Sun. The gravelly material is called a glacial moraine and it is deposited by the glacier. Some willows and alpine plants and shrubs repopulate the land quickly, within 40 years or less. Photo by Andy Fyon, July 22, 2011. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1478101538857-T5UBFCMVMHY8HMP3O46I/Guelph_drumlin_between_Whitelaw_road_and_Elmira_Road_S_Google_Earth_Nov0216_fb Topics Figure 5: A drumlin west of the City of Guelph, located between Whitelaw Road and Elmira Roard South. This drumlin is part of the Guelph Drumlin Field. A drumlin is an elongated hill that is shaped like a tear-drop or inverted spoon. It is formed by a glacier that rode over and shaped the underlying unconsolidated till or ground moraine. Image is from Google Earth, November 2/16. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1478900398796-D9VHCBS2A9YU8NE9G18G/Eramosa_River_Guelph_from_Google_Earth_cut_fb_doc Topics Figure 6: A Google Earth image that shows the location of the City of Guelph and the location of the present-day Eramosa River. The present-day Eramosa River flows within a deeper and wider river valley that was cut by ancestral meltwater rivers that flowed away from the glacier. The ancestral meltwater river was fed by an enormous amount of water that was released as the glacier melted. The ancestral Eramosa River cut down through the deposits left by the glacier and in some cases, cut into the underlying 425 million-year old dolomite rock of the Amabel Formation. This is a testament to the destructive power of powerful meltwater rivers. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1478888682697-H54HT68XZ051DPWUGCIA/glaciation_guelph_from_Chesworth_Martini_McCarthy_Sadura_U_of_Guelph_1997 Topics Figure 7: Glacial landforms that were created in the Guelph area during and at the end of the great ice age as the glacier melted away. Image from: W. Chesworth, P. Martini, P. McCarthy, and S. Sadura (1997) Geology and Land Use Between Guelph and Hamilton: A Self-guided Tour, Department of Land Resource Science, University of Guelph. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1473859633236-WCPM351AUE1T61AKZTHE/P1280991_GEOLOGY_POTHOLES_cedar_on_Eramosa_Formation_dolomite_Rockwood_conservation_area_May0215_fb Topics Figure 8: A large pothole among the eastern white cedar trees at the Rockwood Conservation Area. The diameter of this pothole is about 2 metres. Photo by Andy Fyon, May 2, 2015. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1478912795071-43V8BJBDBG2T7BMQF9OI/Eramosa_River_Valley_Fb_doc Topics Figure 9: The width and depth of the Eramosa River valley is much larger than could be created by the tiny, present-day Eramosa River.This tells us that the ancestral Eramosa River was much larger and more powerful than the present-day Eramosa River. Geologists conclude that periodic and likely catastrophic floods of meltwater were released during the melting of the glacier 15,000 to 12,000 years ago. That huge volume of meltwater was the force required to transport pebbles and to have those pebbles drill into the dolomite rock on the river bottom. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1474676865165-ZABHPWHPBK8YBI5WQCFG/droppedImage_web_pothole Topics Figure 10: This cartoon illustrates the geological process that created the potholes. A swirling water current carrying small pebbles and sediment wore away and "drilled" into the rock on the river bed. .Image from: http://www.geo.mtu.edu/KeweenawGeoheritage/The_Fault/Potholes.html https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/babfc15b-9d75-40e8-8f37-33ac4ce11107/potholes+Mistaya+Canyon+AB+June2814_Andy+Fyon.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Potholes (highlighted by the red arrows) are developed in limestone rock along the Mistaya River, exposed in the Mistaya Canyon, Banff National Park, Alberta. The Mistaya River starts in Peyto Lake, another tourist destination, and flows into the North Saskatchewan River. In this canyon, swirling waters carrying grit and cobbles, carved the potholes into solid limestone rock. I read that the word “Mistaya” means Grizzly bear in the Cree language. Image: Andy Fyon, June 28/14. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1484875415649-WUWXLGPRINW5X7OUHWPH/isostatic_rebound_rate_web Topics Figure 1: This image shows the rate at which the land is rising in response to isostatic adjustment. The red to pinky-white coloured areas along the southern coast of Hudson Bay is the fastest rising area in Ontario at about 13 milimeters per year, or about 1.3 meters per hundred years. Image from: Crustal motion and deformation monitoring of the Canadian landmass https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1484668464170-99EI5EOXH2ZRKFALIPHV/Northern_icesheet_hg_wikipedia.jpg Topics Figure 2: The blue areas show the distribution of ice sheets that covered the northern parts of North America, Europe and Asia at the peak of the last ice age, about 25,000 years ago. This was called the Last Glacial Maximum. At this time, ice sheets, also called glaciers, covered almost all of Canada, with the exception of a small area in Yukon. The ice sheet was about 3 km thick at its maximum. With the creation of these thick ice sheets, the level of the ocean dropped about 120 m. Image from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1484706825159-MU9Z0JPAGVH2MMUTY1ZU/image-asset.gif Topics Figure 3: Isostatic adjustment: The weight of the glacier pushes down or depresses the land beneath the ice. The land beyond the limits of the glacier rose up a bit. When the glacier melted, the depressed part of the land rose up to return to the original shape of the surface. Image source. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1485389769001-738NAZB3MFOP83RTZZOV/tyrrell_sea_Martini_1986 Topics Figure 4: This image shows the inland extent of the Tyrrell Sea. The Tyrrell Sea was a inland, saltwater sea that covered the land adjacent to Hudson Bay and James Bay following the melting of the last ice sheet. The area covered by the Tyrrell Sea is marked in dark gray colour. The Tyrrell Sea flooded the land that had been pushed down by the weight of the last ice sheet that covered this area. Ignore the red circle. Image reproduced from the M.Sc. thesis of Melissa Dumbrell (2000): RIVERBANK CHARACTERISTICS AND STABILITY ALONG THE UPPER ESTUARINE REACHES OF THE MOOSE RIVER, NORTHERN ONTARIO, M.Sc. Thesis, University of Guelph, 243p. and reproduced from Martini, LP. (1986): Coastal Features of Canadian Inland Seas. In: Martini, I.P. (ed.), Canadian Inland Seas, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, pp. 117-142. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1485393553646-E7JVJIXY1TV7C6WWE0QB/PA080615_hudson_bay_lowlands_fort_severn_Andy_Fyon_Dec0804_FB2 Topics Figure 5: Tree cover defines many raised beaches that marked the former shoreline of the Tyrrell Sea. The Tyrrell Sea flooded the land at the end of the last ice age. Trees prefer to grow on the beach material which stands a little higher on the land. White, ice-covered bands between the tree-covered beaches are low lying peat lands, which do not support trees. The present-day shoreline of Hudson Bay occurs as a thin white band at the top of the photo between the pale blue sky and tree-covered beaches. Each parallel beach deposit marks the former shoreline. The shorelines formed as the land rose and the Tyrrell Sea drained back into Hudson and James bays over the past 8,000 years. Photo by Andy Fyon, east of Fort Severn, December 8, 2004. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1605615483438-UOLU386RCYX7DJJSMRM1/raised+beaches+road+muskeg+fort+severn+Google+Earth+Nov0720_adj.jpg Topics Figure 6: Google Earth image of the land northwest of Fort Severn (Ontario) showing the light-coloured raised beaches, shown by the red arrows. The raised beaches are sandy and reflect light, which is why they appear light coloured on this satellite image. Conversely, the muskeg areas, identified by the blue arrow, occupy the lower ground between the raised beaches. Because the muskeg areas don’t reflect light as well as the raised beaches, the muskeg areas are darker green in colour on the satellite image. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1605615911471-HCU3QEFGBM0CQOMD92ZF/Detailed+raised+beaches+road+muskeg+fort+severn+Google+Earth+Nov0720_2_adj.jpg Topics Figure 7: Google Earth image showing a more detailed view of the land northwest of Fort Severn (Ontario). The red arrows point to the light-coloured raised beaches. The raised beaches are sandy and reflect light, which is why they appear light coloured on this satellite image. Conversely, the muskeg areas, identified by the blue arrow, occupy the lower ground between the raised beaches. Because the muskeg areas don’t reflect light as well as the raised beaches, the muskeg areas are darker green in colour on the satellite image. Note that a road has been constructed along one of the raised beaches (top red arrow). The raised beach consists of sand and gravel, which provides engineering material for road construction. In addition, the raised beach is dry because it stands about 1 meter above the water saturated muskeg. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1485221202714-EVMIBJG5LBHB1P6R1JYV/isostatic_rebound_Hudson_Bay_Jan2317_Andy_Fyon Topics Figure 8: You can recreate the impact of a melting glacier, the rising land, and the creation of new land on your kitchen table using this experiment. These two photos look straight down on a make-believe part of Hudson Bay shoreline (left side of photo). The center of Hudson Bay lies to the right side of the photo. The land is rising on the right side of the photo. The top photo shows an active beach that forms at the high tide mark of Hudson Bay immediately after the glacier melted. The bottom photo shows what happens as the land continues to rise at the left end for several hundred years by the process of isostatic adjustment. The original beach "A" is now stranded well away from the active shoreline and a new active beach forms along the new shore line, where new land has been created. Photo by Andy Fyon, January 25, 2017. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1474638623989-3RNJ7DLMY8N591Y90PAR/607968main_geomagnetic-field-orig_full_resize Topics A cartoon from NASA that shows the white-coloured, invisible magnetic field that is generated by, and surrounds, the Earth. The Earth's magnetic field flips from time to time, when the north pole flips to become the south pole. Image credit: Peter Reid, The University of Edinburgh Image from: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/news/gallery/Earths-magneticfieldlines-dipole.html https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1477530890113-8HO13EY4VS6UKNAK1A9W/P1350769_compass_Oct2616_cut_document Topics Figure 1: When we use a compass to navigate, we are actually tracking the Earth's magnetic field. The Earth behaves like a big magnet. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1477596639569-TNFJ9O0C0CANCAKWJI1R/607968main_geomagnetic-field-orig_full_resize Topics Figure 2: A cartoon from NASA that shows the white-coloured, invisible magnetic field that is generated by, and surrounds, the Earth. The Earth's magnetic field flips from time to time, when the north pole flips to become the south pole. Image credit: Peter Reid, The University of Edinburgh Image from: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/news/gallery/Earths-magneticfieldlines-dipole.html https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1474638194916-G24ZYM7V7BN905HZBSLA/large_cross_section_of_Earth_bbc_web Topics Figure 3: Cartoon that shows the structure of the Earth from Crust, on the surface, to the mantle, deep within the Earth. The Outer Core is made of liquid nickel and iron. Movements there create the Earth's magnetic field. Image from: The Earth, by BBC: http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/zysbgk7/revision https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1474640127078-W2HAN212AJ1M2ZZEXC76/venus-earth-mars-interacting-solar-wind_web Topics Figure 4: A cartoon that shows the burst of solar particles from the Sun, called a solar wind, towards the planet Earth. The Earth's magnetic field deflects the solar wind and protects the Earth from that blast of solar particles. The Earth's magnetic field acts like a shield to keep the solar particles from stripping away our atmosphere!. Image from European Space Agency: http://www.space.com/23131-earth-magnetic-field-shift-explained.html https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1474641352575-A2DL3HCNSNBQHECNC789/Paleomagnetism_web_Sept2316 Topics Figure 5: Cartoon that shows the record of the orientation and strength of the Earth's magnetic field in volcanic rocks that were born along great rifts or cracks along the bottom of the oceans. That record is recorded in the minerals that of cooling ocean floor rock called basalt. This rock is formed along both sides, symmetrically, of a rift or crack in the Earth on the bottom of the ocean. The ocean moves away from that crack and the youngest rock is squeezed into the crack. As that young rock cools from liquid to solid, it records the orientation of the Earth's magnetic field. The darker colour browns show periods of time when the Earth's magnetic field was normal, like today. The white bands show periods of time when the Earth's magnetic field was opposite to today. The white bands record what geologists call "reversed" polarity". This was one of the important lines of evidence to confirm that continents drifted around on the Earth's surface - continental drift!. Image from: http://www.regentsearth.com/ILLUSTRATED%20GLOSSARY/Paleomagnetism.htm https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1474662210561-059FILYJQG6DFKWOTT4X/Reversal_eng_geomagnetic_reversal_web Topics Figure 6: This cartoon shows what happens to the Earth's magnetic field when it goes through a full reversal. On the left, the red arrow points in one direction. This is considered "normal" and shows the way the magnetic field is oriented today. The right image shows that the Earth's magnetic field has flipped and the red arrow points in the opposite direction. This is considered a "reversal". The Earth's magnetic field has flipped, or reversed, many times through geological time. Image from: http://roma2.rm.ingv.it/en/themes/5/internal_origin_time_variations/20/geomagnetic_polarity_reversals https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1474642526013-T8NCF3UBNS1BBLU5YESA/Geomagnetic_polarity_late_Cenozoic_rot2 Topics Figure 7: An example of the rock record that shows reversals of the Earth's magnetic field. This chart shows magnetic reversals over the last 5 million years (Pliocene and Quaternary, late Cenozoic Era). The dark bands show times when the Earth's historic magnetic field matches that of today - normal magnetic field. The white bands show times when the Earth's historic magnetic field was reversed - reversed polarity. Image source: United States Geological Survey: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomagnetic_reversal#/media/File:Geomagnetic_polarity_late_Cenozoic.svg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1474644528948-7AZMQDUDHWUXXAPNPI7W/Geomagnetic_axial_dipole_strength Topics Figure 8: Illustration of the state of the Earth's magnetic field since about the year 1600 to present day. You can think of this image showing the strength of the magnetic field. Because the strength has dropped from a high of close to "35" in year 1700 to present day value of less than "15", some geologists suggest this means the Earth's magnetic field is getting ready to reverse. Image from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1475354072877-98TLIBBIY2WA3AORZ58P/IMGP7785_thalloid_liverwort_Lunularia_cruciata_Hemlock_Ridge_Trail_Charleston_Lake_Provincial_Park_wednesday_Sept2816_squarespace Topics Liverwort pollen occur as fossils in rocks that are 472 million years old. Liverworts are among the first plants to have colonized the Earth's land. This thalloid liverwort (Lunularia cruciata) is growing on shady ledges of Cambrian-aged (about 510 million years old) sandstone and conglomerate, Nepean Formation, Potsdam Group, along the Hemlock Ridge Trail, Charleston Lake Provincial Park. Photo by Andy Fyon, Sept 28/16. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1476631025298-SIET9GJ4JRVRMMEZGQ9M/silurian_equator_libby_no_dot_Oct1616.jpg Topics This cartoon shows the location of the equator and the extent of of a warm ocean that covered all of what we now call Ontario about 425 million years ago, during a time called the Silurian Period. You may be surprised to learn that a very long time ago, Ontario was located along the equator! The geological process called continental drift is responsible for Ontario's move from the tropical equatorial area to our present geographic location much further north. Image modified after Coniglio et al., 2006: Manitoulin Rocks!). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1476637539513-JQL6JR1CY9AGUC0T65U6/IMGP0383_cushion_buckwheat_Eriogonum_ovalifolium_alberta_table_mountain_june2906_Andy_Fyon_remove_plants_squarespace Topics This photo shows what the land may have looked like 500 million years ago, during the Cambrian Period. There were no trees, no grasses, and no plants. It was a barren landscape. Photo by Andy Fyon, Table Mountain, Alberta, June 2006. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1475884648843-SMJNS3DNTAKSSRGGQILM/IMGP2199_thalloid_liverwort_Lunularia_cruciata_Morris_Island_Conservation_Area_Andy_Fyon_June1016 Topics An example of a thalloid liverwort, possibly Lunularia cruciata, growing on the damp, shady forest floor along a creek, Morris Island Conservation Area, June 10/16. Photo by Andy Fyon. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1475886729512-VBC5KIR7MVB2XUDZ3DUJ/P1350706_thalloid_liverwort_Lunularia_cruciata_Hemlock_Ridge_Trail_Charleston_Lake_Provincial_Park_wednesday_Andy_Fyon_Sept2816_fb Topics Modern-day thalloid liverwort, possibly Lunularia cruciata, growing on ancient Precambrian rock of the Nepean Formation, estimated to be about 510 million years old. Location: Hemlock Ridge Trail, Charleston Lake Provincial Park, Sept 28/16. Photo by Andy Fyon. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1480784599774-3EPY953X522EOFZQ1HAD/esker_cat_lake_Dec1013_squarespace_andy_fyon Topics Figure 1: The esker is the long snake-like feature that runs from the bottom to the top of the photo southwest of Cat Lake community. Photo by Andy Fyon, morning, December 10, 2013. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1480454981677-24RTSTZFMEMNFQ1U0ECP/Andy_Fyon_glaciation_OGS_MNDM_newsletter_Jan0915_small Topics Figure 2: Cartoon that shows the extent of the glacier during the last ice age, which started about 2 million years ago and ended about 13,000 years ago in the area we now call Bonnechere Provincial Park. Images constructed from data provided by Arthur S. Dyke (2004). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1480456967839-XUAV69QP1HM85T7HSIGG/_IMG3531_glaciers_mountains_whitehorse_to_vancouver_Aug0508_fb_Andy_Fyon Topics Figure 3: This is a photograph of an alpine glacier in British Columbia. While not directly analogous to the continental glacier that covered all of Ontario 2 million years ago, the image does illustrate the extensive cover of ice that is possible during a period of time when glaciers covered almost all of Canada. Photo by Andy Fyon, August 5, 2008. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1480466145360-B85VZ3WATW7NL1WVSGOF/P1220476_glacial_esker_north_of_lansdowne_house_neskantaga_saturday_May1714_Andy_Fyon_squarespace_esker.JPG Topics Figure 4:The dark wiggly ridge across this frozen lake is an esker. Animals and humans might use this height of land to cross the lake and as a place to get a good view of the surroundings. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, from an aircraft at about 20,000 feet, between Lansdowne House and Webequie, May 17/14. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1480465724926-URRK3TGIT43RV7E6YBWP/image-asset.jpeg Topics Figure 5: An esker south of Timmins, Ontario, is being used as a source of road construction material. Photo by Cam Baker, formerly of Ontario Geological Survey. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1482454351497-1V7KIN4C4SRD4NLQQP6S/P1340133_geology_life_style_Calabogie_ski_resort_Ottawa_Bonnechere_falut_May1216_squarespace+Andy+Fyon+Dec2216_crop_small Topics Figure 1: The view of the ski hill at the Calabogie Peaks Resort, west of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The flat land in the foreground is part of the floor of the Ottawa - Bonnechere Graben. The ski hill is the scarp that defines part of the Petawawa Fault, which is the southern boundary of the Ottawa - Bonnechere Graben. Photo by Andy Fyon, May 12, 2016. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1481247872725-UKB8N8FUDWVPLDSFG4XG/Ottawa+graben+wiki+map_cut Topics Figure 2: The geographic extent of the Ottawa - Bonnechere graben extends about 700 km from the area near Montreal, west to the area near Sudbury. The northern boundary of the Ottawa - Bonnechere Graben is called the Mattawa Fault. The southern boundary is called the Petawawa Fault. Image from from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa-Bonnechere_Graben https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1483215312628-MCZ407DUOP5XODXHOEKJ/Calagogie_Resort_Ski_hill_Petawawa_Fault_Ottawa_Bonnechere_graben_shaded_relief_Dec2216_crop Topics Figure 3: This Google Earth image shows the elevation of the land using grey colours. It is called a greyscale image. In this type of image, flat land is show by uniform light grey colour that does not contain tiny pointed mountains. Hilly land is shown by light and dark areas that resemble a shadow case by a hill. The image is oriented as though you are looking to the west from an airplane located to the east of Calabogie Peaks Resort. The location of the Petawawa Fault is shown by red dashed lines. To the south of the Petawawa Fault (left of the dashed red lines) is hilly land called the Opeongo Mountains. To the north of the Petawawa Fault (right side of image) is relatively flat land of the rift valley, which forms the floor of the Ottawa - Bonnechere Graben. Calabogie Peaks Resort (black triangle) and Calabogie Lake are located in the lower left side of the image. Image from OGS Earth using elevation data acquired from NASA through the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (http://www.mndm.gov.on.ca/en/mines-and-minerals/applications/ogsearth/elevation). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1483924684332-4QAY6IE6VTSYB0X9M303/elevation_difference_across_Petawawa_Fault_Calabogie_peaks_resort_Andy_Fyon_jan0817 Topics Figure 4: Creation of the Calabogie Peaks Resort ski hill. Step A: the land begins to get stretched and the Petawawa faults is created about 600 million years ago. Step B: the land is dropped down along the Petawawa Fault to created the Ottawa - Bonnechere Graben. The steep walls of the rift valley create the elevation difference needed to make a ski hill. The base of the ski hill lies at the edge of the rift valley floor in the Ottawa - Bonnechere Graben. Image created by E. Ginn https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1485994760362-C1YVLCKY0F9P7RGRE103/IMGP7240_geology_Potsdam_Nepean_sandstone_Lyndhurst_Bridge_Andy_Fyon_Sept1816_fb Topics Figure 1: The historic Lyndhurst Bridge, located in the village of Lyndhurst, Ontario, is reported to be Ontario's oldest stone bridge. Photo by Andy Fyon, Sept 18/16. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1486247465268-77QH1QWK2TI83P9QCQV2/_geology_construction_engineering_historic_Lyndhurst_Bridge_Sept2716_squarespace_fb_Andy_Fyon Topics Figure 2: The historic Lyndhurst Bridge is a three-span stone arch bridge that is constructed of local fieldstone. Photo by Andy Fyon, September 2016. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1486247902152-SK4Y4O9M3IQX7I0G9DSJ/IMGP7241_historic_sign_geology_Potsdam_Nepean_sandstone_Lyndhurst_Bridge_Sept1816_squarespece_Andy_Fyon Topics Figure 3: The Historic sign, which describes the history of the Lyndhurst Bridge. Photo by Andy Fyon, September 2016. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1486248277960-8SH4TEJ5AHPY1JZFEJ8Q/IMGP7240_geology_Potsdam_Nepean_sandstone_Lyndhurst_Bridge_Sept1816_squarespace_Andy_Fyon Topics Figure 4: The eastern end of the Lyndhurst Bridge is characterized by a curved flare of its end walls. The circular stone beneath the flower planter is a mill stone, made of Nepean sandstone, that is reported to have come from a local grist mill. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1486339757693-A5JB6PJSYTX7A6R7BM8I/geology_Google_Earth_OGS_Earth_Lyndhurst_bridge_area_geology_Feb0517_Andy_Fyon_squarespace.jpg Topics Figure 5: Rock geology of the Lyndhurst bridge area. Geologists use different colours to represent different rock types. Here is the explanation of the colours: Very old rocks (Grenville Province - greater than 1 billion years old): A: Sedimentary rocks made up from broken and weathered pieces of older rock (Clastic metasedimentary rocks consisting of conglomerate, quartz arenite, arkose, limestone, siltstone, chert, minor iron formation of the Grenville Supergroup and Flinton Group); B:Limy dolomite and limestone rocks that formed on the bottom of a warm tropical ocean (Carbonate metasedimentary rocks. Marble, calc-silicate rocks, skarn, tectonic breccias. Grenville Supergroup and Flinton Group); C: Dark coloured iron- and magnesium-rich rock that formed by cooling, below the surface of the Earth, of partially melted pre-existing rock (Mafic to ultramafic plutonic rocks; Diorite, gabbro, peridotite, pyroxenite, anorthosite, derived metamorphic rocks); D: Light-coloured, sometimes red in colour, rock that formed by cooling, below the surface of the Earth, of partially melted pre-existing rock (Late felsic plutonic rocks. Granitic gneisses with metasedimentary xenoliths, migmatites, injection gneisses, pegmatites); and Younger rock that is about 500 million years old: Sedimentary rocks made up from broken and weathered pieces of older rock (Conglomerate, sandstone, shale, dolostone. Potsdam Group; Nepean Formation; Covey Hill Formation). The geology map comes from the Ontario Geological Survey using their OGS Earth online database. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1486341964165-L9F7PM9Z7O54W9KORMTM/IMGP7501_geology_construction_engineering_historic_Lyndhurst_Bridge_Sept2716_FB_squarespace_Andy_Fyon Topics Figure 6: A close-up look of the different types of fieldstone that were used to build the Lyndhurst bridge. Photo by Andy Fyon, September 2016. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1487005617425-5W6XM8DPOPFMC3AQBV4G/IMGP3534_Ordovician_volcanic_ash_bed_white_recessive_Marmora_roadcut_July0716_squarespace_Andy_Fyon Topics Figure 1: Old, weathered volcanic ash beds are exposed in the rock cut on the west side of Marmora. The weathered volcanic ash beds occur in the road cut consisting of grey-coloured Ordovician limestone. The weathered volcanic ash beds, marked by the camera lens cap, are thin, recessively-weathering, soft, crumbly, and grey-coloured. Photo by Andy Fyon, July 7, 2016. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1487813460620-50EU43499CCL7XWIOI4V/marmora_ash_bed_and_closeup_of_ash_bed_Andy_Fyon_July0716_Feb2217_crop Topics Figure 2: Close-up view of the grey-coloured, weathered, volcanic ash bed in the limestone rock. Note the soft nature of the volcanic ash bed, which weathers recessively into the enclosing, hard, limestone rock of the Bobcaygeon Formation. A plant has set roots in the bed of the soft weathered volcanic ash bed. Photo by Andy Fyon, July 7, 2016. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1487811216102-9K8ZPNOTCJWECXPG4FS3/Augustine_Eruption_2006_web_USGS_sharpen_resize Topics Figure 3: An example of a violent volcanic eruption. This is the Augustine volcanic eruption, 2006. The Augustine Volcano is historically the most active volcano in Alaska’s Cook Inlet region. The eruption started on January 11, 2006, and lasted until mid-March of 2006. The cloud above the volcano is mostly volcanic ash. Old ash deposits from this volcano were carried by the winds as far as 3000 km away. Photo By Cyrus Read, U.S. Geological Survey [Public domain or CC0], via Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1488561921276-SXK4V787EC0W2HKPZSEA/Geologic_time_scale Topics Figure 4: A simplified time chronology of geologic time for the Earth. Rocks in the Marmora area are assigned to the Precambrian Eon and the Paleozoic Era. The Marmora volcanic ash occurs as layers within limestone rock of the Ordovician Period. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1487866939832-5H45603SDT4F8DPIVSOU/regiona3l_geology_marmora_area_OGS_Earth_Feb2317_Andy_Fyon Topics Figure 5: The regional bedrock geology map of the Marmora area. The colour explanation: A = old Precambrian Shield granite rocks. Paleozoic rocks consist of: B = Shadow Lake Formation (too small to see at this scale, so it is not shown on the bedrock geology map); C = Gull River Formation (part of Simcoe Group, limy rocks called limestone, dolostone); D = Bobcaygeon Formation (part of Simcoe Group, limy rock called limestone, with minor shales in upper part), E = Verulam Formation (part of Simcoe Group, limy rock called limestone and shale rock). Geology from OGS Earth, Paleozoic Bedrock Geology of Southern Ontario. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1488040188750-SGA53RL33FY5ULB5ZRTU/geology_marmora_area_labels_OGS_Earth_Feb2317_cut_Andy_Fyon Topics Figure 6: The local bedrock geology around the town of Marmora. The explanation is as follows: A (red) = old Precambrian Shield granite rocks; Paleozoic Rock: B = Shadow Lake Formation (part of the Simcoe Group; red, maroon and green coloured sandstones and conglomerates, shales, and siltstones and minor amounts of limy and clay-bearing dolomites and limestones) which lie on top of the Precambrian granite rock; C = Gull River Formation (part of Simcoe Group; limy rocks called limestone, dolostone); and D = Bobcaygeon formation (part of Simcoe Group, limy rock called limestone, with minor shales in upper part, Marmora ash). Geology from OGS Earth, Paleozoic Bedrock Geology of Southern Ontario. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1488490982453-BN7U88AVMNB4ESU04EHJ/IMGP3530_Ordovician_volcanic_ash_bed_white_recessive_Marmora_roadcut_July0716_squarespace_Andy_Fyon Topics Figure 7: The grey, limestone rock of the Bobcaygeon Formation occurs in a rock cut, on the north side of Highway 7, immediately west of the town of Marmora. The town of Marmora is seen at the foot of the hill. These limestone rocks contain the weathered, Marmora volcanic ash beds. Photo by Andy Fyon, July 7, 2016. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1488248001659-N3HAISGP7L0I1AOTNMOP/image-asset.jpeg Topics Figure 8: The approximate location of the continents about 450 million years ago is illustrated in this image. The black and grey coloured areas represent the distribution of the weathered volcanic ash beds in eastern North American and western Europe.This image gives us an indication of the explosive volcanic eruptions that were responsible for the ash beds. Note that the size, shape and location of the continents at this time, 450 million years ago, is different from today because of the geological process of continental drift. Image from Kyoungwon, Renne, and Huff. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1488652999633-INWDTIZAN5P2OVGFTSVO/350px-Baltica-Laurentia_Caradoc_EN Topics Figure 9: The Iapetus Ocean is the ancestor to the Atlantic Ocean. It formed when continents began to break apart and drift around due to continental drift. The Continent named Laurentia was the ancestor to North America. The Iapetus Ocean closed up as the Baltica and Avalonia microcontinents and the Taconic Volcanic Island Arc islands drifted northward to collide with Laurasia. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1487263586476-KBR65E2F7LMB710ZUDQU/image-asset.png Topics Figure 10: A cartoon that illustrates part of the history of the Taconic Orogeny, which ended about 440 Million years ago. During the Taconic Orogeny, the ancestral Atlantic Ocean and the Appalachian Mountains were created along the east coast of North America, were created. The Marmora ash beds were created by the huge eruption of one or more volcanoes, which occurred in a volcanic island arc, about 450 million years ago.. The image is public domain, from the United States Geological Survey. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1487813022815-N3D3JLA5VN66WC152HE8/marmora_ash_bed_and_plants_July0716_Feb2217_ppt Topics Figure 11: An example of one bed of Marmora ash in the centre of the photo. The black arrows point to a line of plants that prefer to grow in the weathered volcanic ash bed because the ash contains more nutrients, water, and is softer for the roots. Photo by Andy Fyon, July 7, 2016. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1489611215779-PABH04WK5SBXAWZP8VNY/IMG_20170312_204250_Giant_Beaver_from_Ian_M_Lange_Ice_Age_Mammals_2002_white_balance_Mar1217_resize Topics Figure 1: A cartoon illustration that compares the Giant Beaver (Castoroides ohioensis) on the top and the modern-day North American Beaver (Castor canadensis). Image from the book entitled Ice Age mammals of North America - A Guide to the Big, the Hairy, and the Bizarre, by Ian M. Lange and Illustrated by Dorothy S. Norton, Mountain Press Publishing Co, Montana, 2002, 226p. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1489796135163-FAHDPIX1JOCYWNPB93XN/Cordilleran-and-Laurentide-Ice-Sheets Topics Figure 2: This cartoon shows the coverage across North America of glacial ice during the peak of the last age, called the Wisconsin Glaciation, about 15,000 years ago. Image from: Physical Geology, Chapter 16.1, Glacial Periods in Earth’s History. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1489621504068-WWNWXFU5NWZJE1YKUJJW/Giant_Pleistocene_Beaver%2C_Castoroides_ohioensis_wiki Topics Figure 3: This image was originally photographed at the Minnesota Science Museum: Mississippi River Gallery and posted to Flickr by Ryan Somma at http://flickr.com/photos/14405058@N08/7322608522. Image granted Creative Commons Licensed photo by ideonexus.com and appears on wikimedia: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Giant_Pleistocene_Beaver,_Castoroides_ohioensis.jpg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1489264350509-LCVYKHUWMHYC3LG3L0KH/castoroides-size_giant_beaver_Prehistoric_wildlife_Mar1117 Topics Figure 4: A scaled cartoon showing the size of the largest Giant Beaver, relative to an adult human. Image from prehistoric-wildlife.com https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1491074338683-ST3WXYTJ1YXKAKD8R04S/Woolly_mammoth_wikipedia_crop_resize Topics Figure 1: A display model of the Woolly Mammoth that was on display in the Royal British Columbia Museum in Victoria (Canada). The display is from 1979, and the fur is musk ox hair.. By Flying Puffin (Mammut Uploaded by FunkMonk) [CC BY-SA 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1491317289656-JQWNF1FSIA7DYTY3KSAS/Wooly_Mammoths_Wikipedia_Charles_Robert_Knight Topics Figure 2: A mural depicting Woolly Mammoths near the Somme River, France. Image made public in 1916, according to the book Charles R. Knight: The Artist Who Saw Through Time: http://io9.gizmodo.com/5891441/celebrating-charles-r-knight-the-artist-who-first-brought-dinosaurs-and-megafauna-to-life https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1489796135163-FAHDPIX1JOCYWNPB93XN/Cordilleran-and-Laurentide-Ice-Sheets Topics Figure 3: This cartoon shows the coverage across North America of glacial ice during the peak of the last age, called the Wisconsin Glaciation, about 15,000 years ago. Image from: Physical Geology, Chapter 16.1, Glacial Periods in Earth’s History. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1491075449514-XDC82A97IRSY41WOVAJR/Mammuthus_Size_comparison_wikipedia Topics Figure 4: A cartoon that compares the size of the Woolly Mammoth (red) with humans and other extinct elephant-like animals. Size comparison of mammoth species. Mammuthus primigenius (Woolly Mammoth, extinct, 3.4 m), Mammuthus exilis (Pygmy mammoth or Channel Islands mammoth, extinct, 1.8 m), Mammuthus columbi (Columbian mammoth, extinct), Mammuthus trogontherii (Steppe Mammoth, extinct), and Mammuthus meridionalis (extinct: 4 m). Image from: Sergiodlarosa [Public domain, GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html), CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/), FAL, GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC BY 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1491084236621-VS4GQ7BYQXWATG8WR3FD/Molaire_de_mammouth_-_font_de_Champdamoy_wikipedia_April0117_fb Topics Figure 5: Molar tooth from a Woolly Mammoth. The design of the tooth indicates that it was used to grind the grasses and sedges that the animal ate. Image from: By Remi Mathis (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1491095146662-HULYBWHF9NDC52A96GQQ/DSCN2267_Woolly_mammoth_Beringia_Center_Whitehorse_June2907_Libby_Ginn_fb Topics Figure 6: A statue of a Woolly Mammoth outside the Yukon Beringia Interpretative Centre, Whitehorse. Note the distinctive curved tusks. Photo by E. Ginn, June 29, 2007. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1491066842188-MDG80A38JQL3DB4LP0OF/Woolly_Mammoth_Late_Pleistocene_Dymaxion_Biogeographic_Distribution.jpg Topics Figure 7: Distribution of Woolly Mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) during the last great ice age, called the Late Pleistocene. The distribution is based on discovered fossil remains. The lighter blue regions were land during the Late Pleistocene. At that time, sea level was lower because a lot of ocean water was converted to glacial ice. Adapted from Álvarez-Lao, et al. (2009).. Image from: By Azcolvin429 - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=53336204 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1491318933325-T6TQRMJCYUYSPWYXZZN1/woolly_mammoth_sites_north_america_Childrens_Discovery_Museum_of_San_Jose_web_April0417 Topics Figure 8: Generalized locations of mammoth remains across North America. Although more localized in nature, this image is interesting because it shows Woolly Mammoth remains have been found south of the Port Nelson / York Factory area, Manitoba. Image from the Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1491509958331-H6IDSBMYCK8OR7JKZ846/image_3167-Woolly-Mammoth_distribution_Prof_Ralf_Dietrich_Kahalke_2015 Topics Figure 9: The maximum distribution of Woolly Mammoth species across North America, Asia, and Europe. Image from "Paleontologist Releases Most Accurate Map Yet of Woolly Mammoth Distribution". https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1491506553758-0Z9DIZOJ2B2ZYOJ61JX8/woolly_mammoth_habitat_web_April0617 Topics Figure 10: Woolly Mammoth in what is believed to have been the cold-temperature steppe habitat typical of the Arctic regions in Siberia, Alaska and part of Yukon (Beringia) during the last ice age. Image created by Mauricio Anton, Creative Commons license. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1516194404043-ELZVAU47MTDKYM4G5THB/sea_level_rise_Vancouver_Canada_Youtube_World_after_sea_level_rise.jpg Topics Figure 1: A cartoon that shows the possible extent of ocean flooding affecting the City of Vancouver, based on some assumptions, including a global climate temperature rise of 4C. This image comes from the video: The World After Sea-level Rise. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1516149187718-74C1CUAW89HSUURSQWWD/fig01_eng_hudson_bay_james_bay_communities_web_biodiversity_canada.jpg Topics Figure 2: Location of the Ontario communities located along the coasts of Hudson Bay and James Bay: Fort Severn, Peawanuck, Attawapiskat, Kashechewan, Fort Albany, and Moosonee. Image source: Biodiversity Canada Hudson Plains Ecozone and Evidence for key findings summary. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1516148610359-VVJZ9CTOG6358DHEOJJF/185_sea_level_rise_trend_NASA.jpg Topics Figure 3: This image shows the surface height of the oceans. This image shows the 20 year trend of rising surfaces across the Earth from 1993 to 2016. The hot red coloured areas show regions where the sea surface has risen up to 10 mm per year. The cold blue areas show regions where the sea surface has dropped up to 10 mm per year. The surface height of the ocean is not the same everywhere. Image source: Global Mean Sea Level by NASA. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1517065214799-UMSAJ3391NNGI55F3TIO/Thermal-Expansion_web.jpg Topics Figure 4: This cartoon shows what happens when cold water (on the left) is heated (on the right). When water is heated, it expands! This is called "thermal expansion". Image source: Thermal expansion and why it matters to you! https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1516196944100-NA4TVOE6P8HYS5FZJ9QK/temperature+over+geologic+time.jpg Topics Figure 5: Global average temperature estimates for the last 540 Million years. The thin horizontal black line that marks the "zero" temperature change line. Parts of the graph that fall above that "zero" line show times when the Global temperature was higher compared to the Earth's average temperature measured between 1960 and 1990. Parts of the graph that fall below the "zero" line are times when the Global temperature was lower compared to the Earth's average temperature measured between 1960 and 1990. This image is created by "sticking" 5 images together, so the time scale is NOT the same across the single image. Image from Wikipedia - Geologic temperature record. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1516152418603-VW0T8RHFPGJVXLW3MFZZ/orbit-1_Milankovitch+Cycles_web.jpg Topics Figure 6: Milankovitch Cycles are responsible for about 85% of changes in the Earth's Global temperature. The Milankovitch Cycles describe changes to the shape of the Earth’s orbit around the Sun and the angle of the Earth’s rotation. Those changes can influence the contrasts between seasons on Earth, which can influence the Earth's climate, growth or melting of glaciers, and therefore changes in the volume of water in the oceans. Image source. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1516630335915-ORY7HUR0V49WZPVL9FT8/Phanerozoic_Carbon_Dioxide_wikipedia.jpg Topics Figure 7: This is a bit of a complicated diagram that show the inferred concentration of CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere over the last 550 million years. The vertical axis shows CO2 concentration in parts per million (ppm). The horizontal axis shows time, in millions of year, from present. The time gets older going from left to right on that horizontal axis. Different estimates of CO2 concentration are shown in different colours. The simple interpretation is that CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere was as high as about 7000 ppm about 550 million years ago and fluctuated during progressively younger time to the present concentration of about 400 ppm. Image from: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1516631839048-D2WXW0CGLLBWQNH2QN7S/co2-graph-021116_Global_climate_change_NASA_ppt2.jpg Topics Figure 8: This image shows a more detailed summary of CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere over the last 400,000 years, based on analyses of atmosphere gas bubbles that were trapped in glacial ice. That concentration ranged between an high of about 300 parts per million (ppm) and a low of about 180 ppm. What is dramatic is the jump of CO2 in the atmosphere in very recent times (right end of image) to over 400 ppm in the last 20,000 years. Most of that jump took place in the last 300 years!. Concentration of CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere is higher today than it has been been in the past 400,000 years. In 2013, CO2 levels exceeded 400 ppm. This increase in CO2 is related to burning of coal, oil and natural gas. Image source: NASA - The Relentless Rise of Carbon Dioxide. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1516726217601-GGESI807AQGKF0U8U0OG/co2_10000_years_wiki.jpg Topics Figure 9: Concentration of CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere in parts per million (ppm) over the past 8,000 years. The blue and green lines show CO2 measured from atmospheric gas bubbles trapped in old glacial ice (blue = Taylor Dome ice cores; green = Law Dome ice core) and the red line represents measurements from the atmosphere taken on top of Mauna Loa, Hawaii. Image source: How reliable are CO2 measurements? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1516293465120-AHCGKR8ZTWFP440BEIR4/Co2_glacial_cycles_800k.jpg Topics Figure 10: This graph shows the concentration of the greenhouse gas CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere (vertical scale), as measured by gas bubbles trapped in ice core samples from glaciers, over the last 800,000 years. The vertical scale shows the concentration of CO2 in parts per million (ppm). The bottom, or horizontal axis, shows time measured back from today. Negative time, such as -400000, means 400,000 years before today. The blue-coloured areas show periods of time when parts of the Earth were affected by ice ages - times when glaciers grew. These are called "glacial" periods. The yellow-coloured area show periods of times when parts of the Earth were not affected by ice ages - times when glaciers melted. These are called "interglacial" periods. A concentration of 230 ppm CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere is taken as the change between the blue, cool glacial and the yellow, warm interglacial periods. Image source: Wikipedia Glacial Period. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1516153964217-1D6XZZ6JZ0VGXEUK3ZQ7/Phanerozoic_Sea_Level.jpg Topics Figure 11: A cartoon that illustrates two different estimates of sea level over the last 500 million years. The black vertical line on the left shows the range of the sea level during the last great ice age, about 25,000 years ago. At that time, the sea level was about 120 to 130 metres lower than today. Image source: Past Sea Level. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1514337003678-E5D8B101CJSCQK7K11IV/Post-Glacial_Sea_Level_wikipedia.jpg Topics Figure 12: This figure illustrates the level of the sea over time. The sea level change is measured relative to present sea level, which has arbitraily been given the value of "0". The chart shows very clearly that sea level rose by about 120 metres (393 feet) over that last 20,000 years. This rise in sea level started about 20,000 years ago, at the end of the last great ice age, when the huge volumes of glacial ice melted. Melting glaciers released meltwater that flowed into the oceans. Image source: wikipedia - Sea Level Rise. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1516139778569-TI4DL4RSK6XF901AILC9/coverage-last-ice-age_web_wuwt.jpg Topics Figure 13: This cartoon shows the distribution of glacial ice, in the northern hemisphere. The ice cover is coloured in white, which covered North America, Greeenland, and northwestern Europe during the peak of the last ice age, about 25,000 years ago. Antarctica was also covered by glaciers at this glacial maximum, but it is not illustrated on this cartoon. Image source: Climate change and human evolution. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1516657430048-P9569DU0MH39SAIVDIB6/Holocene_Sea_Level_web.jpg Topics Figure 13: This figure shows the sea level change over the past 8,000 years during the geological time called the Holocene. The horizontal axis shows time, in thousands of years in the past. The vertical axis shows the change in sea level in metres. The key time period is present back to 2000 years, when the seal level was constant, or rose at a very slow rate. The big sea level rise from 8,000 years to about 4,000 years illustrates the result of warming climate and the last melting of the glaciers that grew during the last great ice age. Image source: Sea level change in the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1516668385974-G7JIZV6XX79BIAFYMQX1/C7_sea_level_change_web_330_years_of_sea_level_change.jpg Topics Figure 14: This image shows measured sea levels in the Netherlands starting during the year 1683 to present day. This is one example of the many global records that exist for historic sea level. Image source: 330 Years of Sea Level. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1505141917851-HXZYFZ5J2B1AC9ASILN5/IMGP0936_moss_creating_oxygen_beneath_water_Lime_Kiln_trail_25_Nepean_Andy_Fyon_May0317_fb.JPG Topics Figure 1: Oxygen bubbles created by a type of blue-green algae, also known as cyanobacteria, on a sunny day, by the process of photosynthesis. Photo by Andy Fyon, Lime Kiln trail, Ottawa area, May 3/17. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1505398988770-MQ7BNVCFZRYB49NJCXXW/IMGP2336_black_algae_manitoulin_michaels_bay_july2906_Andy_Fyon.jpg Topics Figure 1: A type of algae, in a small pool of water, uses photosynthesis to create oxygen gas. Photosynthesis is a process by which plants use Sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars and by-product oxygen. The sugars are used as food for the algae. The oxygen bubbles first attach to the algae before being liberated into the Earth's atmosphere. The small water pool occurred on limestone. That limestone is part of a larger system and habitat called open alvar pavement. Location: Michael's Bay, Manitoulin Island, Ontario, July 29, 2006. Photo by Andy Fyon. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1507852552583-R9SHBESZOXMC9VMDQ28D/solar_system_wikipedia_Planets2008_squarespace.jpg Topics Figure 2: A representative image of the Solar System with sizes, but not distances, to scale. Source wikipedia: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Planets2008.jpg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1507853148509-PBENE9PJPILP6ZTIHWZQ/origin_of_our_sun_109_protodisklowest750h_squarespace.jpg Topics Figure 3: An artist's illustration of a young, sun-like star encircled by its disk of gas and dust. The gas and dust will in time form exoplanets. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle. For more information: https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/the-search-for-life/exoplanets-101/ https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1505311287504-5P0HJN30MMNJDKTXF17O/protoplanet-collision_discover_magazine_web.jpg Topics Figure 4: An illustration of the collision of small to large pieces of left-over space material, which built the Earth. The release of heat energy related to the collisions, and decay of radioactive elements, heated up the growing Earth to the point where it melted. Image from Discover Magazine: http://discovermagazine.com/2014/julyaug/13-journeys-to-the-center-of-the-earth https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1505312239884-GIGIWFRP1CC57A0WAZ0X/Earth-Geo-Hadean-01-goog.jpg Topics Figure 5: An illustration of volcanoes that erupted on the surface of the newly solidified crust of the Earth. The volcanoes released gases that slowly became the early atmosphere of the newly formed Earth. Image from: https://it.pinterest.com/pin/120260252526172331/ https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1507990657586-DKB5UWI8YSJGZBVJJ32K/early_earth_ocean_017web_ppt.jpg Topics Figure 6: This cartoon illustrates the appearance of volcanoes that punched through the early thin crust of the Earth. The volcanoes spewed gases, including carbon dioxide and water vapour, into the atmosphere. Eventually, the water vapor condensed to form part of Earth's oceans. Image from: https://www.lpi.usra.edu/education/timeline/gallery/slide_17.html https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1508010639346-OOFUX99CJNP2WDTYZ2RS/Photosynthesis_wikipedia.jpg Topics Figure 7: This cartoon illustrates the process of photosynthesis in plants. The plants "eats" Sunlight, carbon dioxide and water and produces sugars and carbohydrates produced are stored in, or used by, the plant and free oxygen as a waste product. Image from Wikipedia. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1508012745897-UMVWC0E75UN9IP86LFOF/GoE+dispute+timing_great_oxygenation_event_wiki_cut.jpg Topics Figure 8: Primitive blue-green algae, also known as cyanobacteria, are thought to have created free oxygen using the process of photosynthesis. The cyanobacteria, preserved in fossil structures called stromatolites, had appeared on Earth as long ago as 3.5 billion years ago - perhaps even earlier. The initial free oxygen was soaked up by the ocean, but at about 2.5 billion years ago, the free oxygen began to accumulate in the Earth's atmosphere - the journey of life on Earth was profoundly changed at that time. Image source: Archaean Stromatolites: signal of the Great Oxidation Event. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1508014741651-F0FWHU6PTS7D2F9FN5M9/P1150059_geology_breccia_gunflint_thunder_bay_May1513_ppt_Andy_Fyon.jpg Topics Figure 9: Stromatolites exposed in the Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada area. Stromatolites are shaped a bit like a mushroom. The top of these stromatolites was eroded off during the last great ice age. Photo by Andy Fyon, May 15, 2013. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1508015429859-C2KG2R6MCON4MTSQ1H8Q/693px-Stromatolite_Fossil_from_Wyoming_wiki_creative_commons.jpg Topics Figure 10: Cross section of a several stromatolites. The stromatolites grew up, towards the Sun, which is towards the top of the photo. This stromatolite fossil example comes from the Fort Laclede Bed, Laney Member, Green River Formation of south-western Wyoming, USA. It is the preserved fossilised remains of a stromatolite that lived in the ancient Lake Gosuite. This is a cross-sectional slice through the fossil, showing its internal layered structure. Photo from Wikipedia. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1512263138236-CTTF6BH1FHWBL0S97DWQ/map_glacial_lake_algonquin_ROM.jpg Topics General outline of Lake Algonquin about 12,000 years ago in southern Ontario. Image from Royal Ontario Museum. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1510435797264-7FYBLCEQN9IYMF3345U6/2q9yyxi_Wisconsin_glacial_period.jpg Topics Figure 1: The names of ice sheets and their extent of cover across Canada and northern United States during the peak of the Wisconsin Ice Age, about 22,000 years ago. Image from: http://i38.tinypic.com/2q9yyxi.jpg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1510436198092-WL4ULDHWHBNQRPYMWOEP/ice_sheets_CN_tower_web.jpg Topics Figure 2: An illustration of the estimated thickness of the Laurentide Ice Sheet during the peak of the Wisconsin Glacial Episode. Image from: Scientific Gems. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1510446173989-G7LHELPNVYU9E68XKVH3/Lake+Algonquin_Geology+of+Ontario+Beaches_Nov1117.jpg Topics Figure 3: The approximate distribution of Lake Algonquin, from Curtis Larsen (1987): Geological History of Glacial Lake Algonquin and the Upper Great Lakes, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1801, 39p. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1510448169224-HL9XNQ842OQ2G44WSYWD/IMGP1896_geology_old_Lake_Algonquin_bluff_Point_Clark_Lake_Huron_Aug2817_ppt_fb.JPG Topics Figure 4: This photo shows the old shoreline bluff created by glacial Lake Algonquin. The view is looking eastward in the Town of Point Clark: Location: 44 degrees, 4 minutes and 27.94 seconds North; 81 degrees, 44 minutes and 37.42 seconds west. Photo by Andy Fyon, August 28, 2017. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1510448640299-SHRLVGP1QY6QC5GGUM8H/glacial_lake_algonquin_shoreline_bluff_at_Port_Clark_Google_Earth_Nov0917_Andy_Fyon.jpg Topics Figure 5: Google Earth image, looking east with Lake Huron in the foreground. The Lake Algonquin shoreline bluff is marked by the line that separates the green vegetated and developed cottage area from the farmland on the terrace above present day Lake Huron. The town of Point Clark sits on the old beach and other shoreline deposits between the present-day Lake Huron and the shoreline bluff. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1512263461884-YBH9AF5LQE5ZZZXBRA04/IMGP2632_Lanark_Wonder_1_5_Five_span_stone_bridge_Pakenham_Mississippi_Mills_Sept1217_fb_andy_fyon.JPG Topics Figure 1: The historic Pakenham bridge is 5-span, stone bridge, located in the village of Pakenham (MIssissippi Mills), Ontario, is reported to be the oldest, active five-arch stone bridge in North America. Photo by Andy Fyon, Sept 12/17. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1513115000977-Y5HDAKL2NK8IH8LJMR1B/IMGP2646_Lanark_Wonder_1_5_Five_span_stone_bridge_Pakenham_Mississippi_Mills_Sept1217_fb_Andy_Fyon.JPG Topics Figure 2: A photo of the limestone blocks that were used to construct the five-span, Pakenham stone bridge, looking to the east across the Mississippi River. Photo by Andy Fyon, Sept 12/17. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1513202926620-J3QMK2LX4YQOW756C5VW/Pakenham_simplified_bedrock_geology_Dec1317_crop_Andy_Fyon.jpg Topics Figure 3: General geology of the Pakenham area. This geology map is created using the on-line OGS Earth application and Google Earth. The old, one billion-year-old Canadian Shield rock consists of: a) ancient marble, coloured light blue on the map; b) ancient rock born of volcanoes, coloured green on the map; and c) granite, coloured pink on the map. The younger, 500 to 450 million year old Paleozoic rock lies to the northeast of the Canadian Shield rock and consists of: a) sandstone, coloured yellow, which lies directly on top of the Canadian Shield rock; and b) different types of limestone, coloured dark blue and light blue. Bedrock geology assembled from OGS Earth (https://www.mndm.gov.on.ca/en/mines-and-minerals/applications/ogsearth/paleozoic-geology). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1513209933947-LMEVHTK74C4QU6Z3MP72/Pakenham_quarry+location_Google_Earth_Dec1317_crop_Andy_Fyon.jpg Topics Figure 4: The location of the possible source rock quarry for the Pakenham five-span stone bridge is located east of the Mississippi River, about 0.3 km (0.2 miles) along Highway 20. The location of the bridge and quarry are highlighted. Image created from Google Earth. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1513114338499-5MUBKT1RF33XAN7M1W1R/IMGP2708_geology_Bobcaygeon_Formation_Simcoe_Group_old_limestone_quarry_east_of_Pakenham_Mississippi_Mills_Sept1217_Andy_Fyon_fb.JPG Topics Figure 5: An old, abandoned quarry, located east of the Mississippi River, appears to be the source of the limestone rock used to construct the Pakenham five-span stone bridge. I have assumed that the limestone exposed in the quarry belongs to the Bobcaygeon Formation, based on data from OGS Earth geological application. Photo by Andy Fyon, Sept 12/17. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1513114281994-CABYVBAQ8YCURC89HPOA/IMGP2707_geology_Bobcaygeon_Formation_Simcoe_Group_old_limestone_quarry_east_of_Pakenham_Mississippi_Mills_Sept1217_Andy_Fyon_fb.JPG Topics Figure 6: An example of the limestone that is exposed along Highway 20, adjacent to the quarry that appears to have been the source of the limestone rock used to build the Pakenham five-span stone bridge. I have assumed this rock along Highway 20 is representative of the limestone rock that was quarried to build the Pakenham stone bridge. Photo by Andy Fyon, Sept 12/17. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1513213414046-QOGW4B94AD3Y6XS6WM14/IMGP2637_geology_fossil_Cephalopod_Pakenham_bridge_outcrop_Mississippi_River_Sept1217_Andy_Fyon_fb_squarespace.JPG Topics Figure 7: Cephalopod fossil exposed in the flat limestone rock that occurs immediately up-stream from the Pakenham bridge. The coin in the middle of the fossil is a Canadian dollar coin, used for scale. Photo by Andy Fyon, Sept 12/17. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1513352632606-SME7ROFGZD0WCF3IZ48H/Wirbellose-Meerestiere-in-%C3%9Cbergr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe-940x428_cephalopod_www_fau_eu_2014_11_09_news_giant_marine_invertebrates.jpg Topics Figure 8: A cartoon that illustrates the shape and size of an ancient Cephalopod. The large Cephalopod labeled "E" lived at about the time the limy rocks were forming at the bottom of the ancient sea that covered the land we now call Ontario, about 450 million years ago. For the explanation of the other labels, please refer to the original source of the image: Friedrich-Alexander-Universität https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1525359442678-J4238Z1BM660TYHX474Z/_IMG4017_geology_raised_beaches_south_shore_of_Hudson_Bay_northeast_of_Fort_Severn_March3112_squarespace.JPG Topics This image shows raised beaches (black horizontal lines) that formed when the land started to rise at the end of the ice age. The raised beaches mark the location of the former shoreline with the ancient Tyrrell Sea. Two other features are present in the photo: a) the present day shoreline with Hudson Bay occurs as the ice-covered, white area at the bottom of the photo; and b) a modern river snakes across the landscape and cuts the raised beaches. Photo by Andy Fyon, northeast of Fort Severn, March 31, 2012. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1514326912332-8P9YHIK2YVVV9KVA6WQJ/fig01_eng_hudson_bay_james_bay_communities_web_biodiversity_canada.jpg Topics Figure 1: Location of the near-coastal, Ontario communities of Fort Severn, Peawanuck, Attawapiskat, Kashechewan, Fort Albany, and Moosonee. Communities in Manitoba and Quebec are not considered in this discussion of rising seal level. Image from: http://www.biodivcanada.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=36A1BD46-1&printfullpage=true https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1520882297192-D5H79R528LZZSM41DFAY/_IMG4034_geology_raised_beaches_south_of_Hudson_Bay_east_of_Fort_Severn_March3112_squarespace_banner_Andy_Fyon.JPG Topics Figure 2: The dark lines that run from top to bottom of this photo are old beaches that occur up to 100 km south of the present shoreline of Hudson Bay. These old beaches mark the positions of the former shoreline of Hudson Bay over hundreds to thousands of years. The old shoreline beaches formed at the end of the last ice age when the land started to rise as the glacier melted, the weight of glacial ice was removed, and an ocean that flooded the land, called the Tyrrell Sea, drained back into Hudson and James bays over the past 8,000 years. Photo by Andy Fyon, east of Fort Severn, March 31, 2012. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1520888600195-Z6G5111KFI00R7AEAN3I/Figure-6-Contour-map-of-observed-CBN-vertical-rates-Preliminary-results-from-the_isostatic_rebound_web.jpg Topics Figure 3: This image shows the rate at which the land is rising in response to isostatic adjustment. The red to pinky-white coloured areas along the southern coast of Hudson Bay, at Cape Henrietta is the fastest rising area in Ontario at a rate of about 13 millimeters per year or about 1.3 meters per hundred years. The land around Moosonee is rising at a rate of about 8.5 millimeters per year, or about 0.85 meters per hundred years. Image from: Crustal motion and deformation monitoring of the Canadian landmass https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1540569703524-OXNL4HD3M71FCYF9EDAL/IMGP6203_geology_glacial_grooves_Aux_Sables_River_Chutes_Provincial_Park_Sept1118_fb.jpg Topics Figure 1: Several parallel glacial grooves are identified by the red arrows. The glacial grooves were created by the slow movement of the massive glacier that once covered almost all of Canada. As glacier slowly moved, or flowed, across the rock land, the glacier scoured troughs, of furrows, into the bedrock. The rock and grooves are exposed in the Aux Sables River, Chutes Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada. Photo by Andy Fyon, Sept 11/18. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1540570373858-5K0S6E5CUI21OAK1IOAW/P1320694_geology_glacial_grooves_Gut_Lake_Trail_Grundy_Lake_Provincial_Park_Sept1215_squarespace.JPG Topics Figure 2: The dark, linear depressions running from the lake up hill are glacial grooves. The dark stain appears to be a type of algae that prefers to grow along the depressed groove, perhaps because of slightly increased moisture content. Location: Gut Lake Trail, Grundy Lake Provincial Park. Photo by Andy Fyon, Sept. 12/15. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1540570725605-2QHPGXQMMUL104H4RLTA/IMGP0912geology_bedding_old_glacial_groove_rapids_Chutes_Provincial_Park_Aug0918_squarespace.JPG Topics Figure 3: A wide glacial groove that is about 2 meters across. Location: Chutes Provincial Park. Photo by Andy Fyon, Aug. 9/18. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1540570853015-8CA16CE7JB85QOC4DXZ6/P1320701_geology_glacial_grooves_Gut_Lake_Trail_Grundy_Lake_Provincial_Park_Sept1215_squarespace.JPG Topics Figure 4: A very shallow, but broad glacial groove created during the last ice age. Location: Gut Lake Trail, Grundy Lake Provincial Park. Photo by Andy Fyon, Sept. 12/15. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1541542263845-AAY7PH7G2X8Z1RS3CJ25/IMGP3256_geology_Glacial_striation_rock_Michipicoten_Harbour_Aug1618_cor_squar.jpg Topics Figure 1: Long parallel scratches on the surface of this rock are called glacial striations. They were created by rock debris that were dragged along at the bottom of a glacier. The rock pieces abraded, or scratched, the surface of the rock outcrop. Photo by Andy Fyon, Michipicoten Harbour, Aug 16/18. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1541543294522-BTUAXWXF780NK9JHN84S/P1320399_geology_glacial_straii_Mississagi_Lighthouse_Manitoulin_Island_Aug2815_square.JPG Topics Figure 2: The many parallel scratches are glacial striations. A Canadian dollar coin (“Loonie”) located in the centre of the photo illustrates the size of the striations. Location: Mississagi Lighthouse Campground, western Manitoulin Island, Ontario, Canada. Photo by Andy Fyon, Aug 28/15. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1595677875559-LEJ9WD0HRCXG5U48IM3K/P1030909_geology_glacial_striations_alvar_pavement_Hawkes_Bay_NL_June1611_Andy+Fyon_squarespace.JPG Topics Glacial striations cut and abraded into the surface of a limestone pavement, Hawkes Bay, Newfoundland island. Photo by Andy Fyon, June 16, 2011. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1595678010451-345TQHFKMEW77AKFJQAM/P1030911_geology_glacial_striations_alvar_pavement_Hawkes_Bay_NL_June1611_Andy_Fyon_squarespace.JPG Topics Tow sets of glacial striations cut and abraded into the surface of a limestone pavement, Hawkes Bay, Newfoundland island. Photo by Andy Fyon, June 16, 2011. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1541543949003-X6QPO0ILR5P0W4VMD73R/P1250532_geology_glacial_straii_bell_park_Sudbury_Aug0914_square.JPG Topics Glacial striations run “east-west”, horizontally across the rock. The key chain is for scale. Location: Bell Park, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. Photo by Andy Fyon, Aug. 9/14. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1541953358586-IEYM0RRLXSFWUJN0WQQK/IMGP2705_geology_glacial_striations_Bobcaygeon_Formation_Simcoe_Group_old_limestone_quarry_east_of_Pakenham_Mississippi_Mills_Sept1217_square.JPG Topics Glacial striations run horizontally across the rock. Dollar coin (Loonie) is for scale. The bedrock is limestone of the Bobcaygeon Formation, Simcoe Group. Location: Pakenham / Mississippi Mills area, Ontario, Canada. Photo by Andy Fyon, Sept 12/17. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/489e6b15-35f2-4776-8c91-c9528715fdd2/IMGP1862_geology_Glacial+striations+striae_limestone+_quarry++floor+Earlton+ON+Aug0721+SS+Andy+Fyon+fb.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Glacial striations run across this dolostone outcrop, exposed on the edge of a limestone quarry There appears to be one set of striations. The quarry is located on the east side of Highway 11, just north of Earlton, off Mini Farm Road. Photo by Andy Fyon, Aug 7, 2021. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1549577484731-VCK3NJR5N60BSYF0W7P5/Ottawa+-+Bonnechere+graben+wiki+map_cut.jpg Topics Photo 1: Map of the Ottawa-Bonnechere and Timiskaming grabens, located near the City of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ottawabonnecheregrabenmap.png https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1549577918788-9EZNABI3AAW60WEKAZ9H/Weather+Network+freezing+rain+graben_arrow_Feb0419_1.jpg Topics Photo 2: A tongue of freezing rain, identified by the black arrow and the pink colour extends to the northwest from Ottawa, along the Ottawa - Bonnechere Graben valley. Image source: screen capture from The Weather Network (https://www.theweathernetwork.com/ca), captured Feb 4/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1588708498761-S9W8FDS5G0MZL0GMYUUB/IMGP2108_geology_Iron_Concretion_Red_Rock_Coulee_Orion_AB_Aug1219_ppt_quiz.JPG Topics Some of the reddish, spherical concretions that dot the surface of the land at the Red Rock Coulee, southern Alberta. The concretions are harder than the host rock shale of the Bearpaw Formation, resist erosion, and are left on the land’s surface after the softer rock was eroded away. Image: Andy Fyon, Aug 12/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1588711370135-9K146JABC008FKFNKKW8/Red+Rock+Coulee+Alberta_from_Google_Earth.jpg Topics Location map 1: Regional geographic location of the Red Rock Coulee concretion site, Alberta. Image from Google Earth. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1588711574033-V8C2U8L7VL1JPPM3RVXA/detail+red+rock+coulee+concretions+alberta_Google_Earth.jpg Topics Location map 2: Detailed location and illustration of the landscape at the Red Rock Coulee, Alberta, Canada. Image from Google Earth. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1588709566809-PDEJ720GZSFTUY60GGOK/IMGP2110_geology_Iron_Concretion_Red_Rock_Coulee_Orion_AB_Aug1219_Andy+Fyon.JPG Topics Photo 1: This is a typical example of the reddish concretions exposed at Red Rock Coulee, Alberta. Image by: Andy Fyon, Aug 12, 2019. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1588710251334-P0FU5PBIETJO6D5ULDJD/IMGP2029_geology_concretions_chemical_growth_layers_Red_Rock_Coulee_Orion_AB_Aug1219_Andy_Fyon.JPG Topics Photo 2: Where the concretion split apart, you can sometimes see "growth rings" produced by the successive deposition of layers of cement. Note the coin (2.5 cm diameter; 1 inch) illustrates the size of the growth rings in this concretion. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, Aug 12/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1588710709140-BVJPBYU7I6VOFVXGFGR8/IMGP2068_geology_concretions_possible_cross_bedding_Red_Rock_Coulee_Orion_AB_Aug1219_Andy_Fyon.JPG Topics Photo 3: In this cross-section of a concretion at Red Rock Coulee, there are faint lines and bands visible that resemble cross bedding. Image by Andy Fyon, Aug 12, 2019. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1592137124019-YZKRQG8ZLM6PRDHNPLKI/IMGP2789_brown_Engineer_Creek_enters_Ogilvie_River_Dempster_Highway_YK_June2219_Andy_Fyon_squarespace.JPG Topics Convergence of the clear Ogilvie River, on the left, with the metal-rich, yellow-coloured Red Creek, on the right. The local geology influences the chemistry and colour of each water body. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, along the Dempster Highway, central Yukon, Canada, June 22, 2019. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1592132296496-1H0E7GWIZ15WBP79JMYR/Photo+1_IMGP0379_geology_red_iron_stain_Red_Creek_Dempster+Highway_Yukon_June1219_Andy_Fyon.JPG Topics Photo 1: The yellow-coloured water of Red Creek, central Yukon, is the result of iron minerals that are carried in suspension. The orange-red stain on the surface of the river cobbles is the result of iron minerals that formed a scale, or precipitate, on the rock as the creek water reacts with the atmosphere. The high concentrations of the metals and sulphur in the creek water is the result of reaction between groundwater and black shale in the area. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, along the Dempster Highway, central Yukon, June 12, 2019. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1592132782710-PX9LX6X28NQ2K2MKXCL2/Photo+2_IMGP0371_geology_red_iron_stain_Red_Creek_Dempster+Highway_Yukon_June1219_Andy_Fyon.JPG Topics Photo 2: The orange-red colour of the iron stain, or scale, on the river cobbles in Red Creek, Central Yukon, is the result of iron minerals that formed a scale, or precipitate, on the rock surface. The stain forms as the creek water reacts with the atmosphere. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, along the Dempster Highway, Central Yukon, June 12, 2019. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1592133463364-VZPHTVNMZ8T3WV0BJ1BE/Photo+3_IMGP0380_geology_black_shale_Engineer_Creek_Dempster+Highway_Yukon_June1219_Andy_Fyon_squarespace.JPG Topics Photo 3: The area around Red Creek is underlain by a variety of rock, including black shale. The black shale is interlayered with thinner beds, or layers, of dolomite rock. The black shale contains elevated concentrations of metals, like nickel, zinc, and iron, and contains elevated concentrations of sulphur. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, along the Dempster Highway, June 12, 2019. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1592135132920-AOC621JJ5JC5XKFO6UVW/Photo+4_IMGP2791_brown_Red_Creek_enters_Ogilvie_River_Dempster_Highway_YK_June2219_Andy+Fyon+squarespace.JPG Topics Photo 4: The yellow-coloured water of Red Creek, on the left, reflects the bedrock geology of a watershed containing metal-rich black shale. The clear blue water of the creek on the right reflects the geology of a different watershed that does NOT contain black shale rocks. Alternatively, groundwater springs that feed the blue water creek were isolated from any black shale bedrock. The colour contrast is dramatic where the two creeks flow into each other. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, along the dempster Highway, central Yukon, June 22, 2019. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1592575368890-YKQA7W997QMYHKPOGI5A/IMGP0778_geology_periglacial_gelifluction_solifluction_bands_white_mountain_avens_Dryas_shale_Mount_Hare_hike_Yukon_June1419_Andy_Fyon.JPG Topics Photo 1: While hiking in the subalpine of Mount Hare, on a sloped rocky ground of frost-shattered rock, it is not uncommon to see bands or stripes of broken rock that were slightly elevated above the adjacent ground. Mountain Avens grow on the slightly raised ground. What is that pattern? Photo composed by Andy Fyon, in the Mount Hare area, east of the Dempster Highway, central Yukon, Canada, June 14, 2019. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1592577819654-9H24T54EIGHLOOSRG38K/IMGP0776_Alaska+Phlox+Phlox+richardsonii+ssp+alaskensis_pink_shale_Mount_Hare_hike_Yukon_June1419_Andy_Fyon.JPG Topics Photo 2: Broken pieces of shale rock dominates the surface of the slope in the subalpine in the area of Mount Hare. The pink wildflower is Alaska Phlox (Phlox richardsonii ssp alaskensis). Photo composed by Andy Fyon, in the Mount Hare area, east of the Dempster Highway, central Yukon, Canada, June 14, 2019. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1592591614667-SALERQVQHBRZX0IMXTHM/IMGP0778_geology_periglacial_gelifluction_solifluction_bands_white_mountain_avens_Dryas_shale_Mount_Hare_hike_Yukon_June1419_ppt2_Andy_Fyon.jpg Topics Photo 3: The red arrows point to a series of rock ridges, or stripes, made from the broken shale chips. The ridges were less than one metre wide and less than 20 cm higher than the surrounding ground. The white-coloured Mountain Avens (Genus Dryas) grew preferentially along the top of each stripe. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, in the Mount Hare area, east of the Dempster Highway, central Yukon, Canada, June 14, 2019. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1592592087032-MRSY0MIUP3G3R74898V8/IMG_20190614_115142-806x605_bands_of_mountain_avens_Libby_Mount_Hare_hike_Yukon_June1419_Andy_Fyon.jpg Topics Photo 4: Many raised ridges, or stripes, are developed at approximately right angles to the slope of frost-shattered shale. White-coloured Mountain Avens (Genus Dryas) grow preferentially along the top of the ridge. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, in the Mount Hare area, east of the Dempster Highway, central Yukon, Canada, June 14, 2019. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1592593956857-IELHZJV27EJIQVB2J5GX/Mount+Hare+hike+borrow+pit+road+hike+location+Google+Earth+June1920_Andy+Fyon.jpg Topics Photo 5: Google Earth image illustrates the location (red hiker symbol) of the intersection between the “borrow pit road” with the Dempster Highway, northern Yukon, Canada. The “borrow pit road” leads east to a shale gravel pit and is a good parking and staging area for hikes to Mount Hare area. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1593293771947-U4L9LZBO4L7O99QZORFE/IMGP2756_geology_dolomite_limestone_Tor_Ogilvie_River_roadside_Dempster_Highway_YK_June2219_squarespace_Andy_Fyon.JPG Topics Photo 1: These rock towers are tors. A tor is a large, free-standing rock outcrop that rises sharply from the surrounding smooth and gentle slopes of a rounded hill or ridge crest. The rock consists of limestone. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, along the Ogilvie River area, Dempster Highway, central Yukon, Canada, June 22, 2019. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1593294474299-T13SJX89VM9GAKJML7R6/IMGP3592_geology_Castle+Rock+Tor_Top+of+the+World+Highway_YK_June2619_squarespace_Andy_Fyon.JPG Topics Photo 2: This tor, located along the Top of the World Highway, northwest of Dawson Creek, Yukon, is informally called Castle Rock because its shape resembles a castle. It also resembles the shape of a ship. The rock consists of metamorphosed sedimentary rock. This area is part of Beringia. Beringia remained ice free and was not glaciated during the last great ice age. This tor exists because neither glaciation nor weathering removed the rock outcrop. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, along the Top of the World Highway, western Yukon, Canada, June 26, 2019. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1593294949354-0QG5B11LMVA255QWYOLV/IMGP9166_geology_Boulder+Creek+Formation+sandstone+towers_Shipyard_Titanic_trail_Tumbler_Ridge_Global_Geopark_BC_July2819_squarespace_Andy_Fyon.JPG Topics Photo 3: These tors look like ships, when seen in the distance. For that reason, the hiking trail through this area is called the Shipyard - Titanic Trail, Tumbler Ridge Global Geopark, British Columbia, Canada. The tors are made of sandstone rock. Photo by Andy Fyon, July 28, 2019. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1593358101973-SF2NJRURDB3JNUQK8TLW/IMGP0409_geology_tor_elephant_rock_Ogilvie_River_rest_stop_Ogilvie_Mountain_limestone_Dempster_Highway_Yukon_June1219_Andy+Fyon.JPG Topics Photo 4: Elephant Rock is a limestone tor that is visible across the Ogilvie River, in the Ogilvie Mountains, central Yukon. The erosion that created this tor is often responsible for the amusing or mysterious animal shape. Photo by Andy Fyon, Ogilvie Mountains, central Yukon, Canada, June 12, 2019. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1594754404777-4Z7NTVT4PAXKP59TTDH7/IMGP5038_geology_Keweenawan_vesicular_basalt_flows_Deadmans_Cove_Aug2118_squarespace_Andy_Fyon.JPG Topics Photo 1: This photo shows part of a basalt lava, called Keweenawan basalt, that flowed over the land, along the north shore of Lake Superior, about 1 billion years ago. The magma (melted rock) contained dissolved gas that separated out to form gas cavities called vesicles. The gas cavities look like holes in the rock surface. Photo by: Andy Fyon, Deadman’s Cove, Lake Superior, Aug 21, 2018. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1594755667217-447R9A9LECCS6K814OXN/IMGP1899_geology_Keweenawan_basalt_vesicles_Pancake_Bay_Provincial_Park_Aug1218_squarespace_Andy_Fyon.JPG Topics Photo 2: This Keweenawan basalt cobble, found on the beach, contains many small cavities, or holes, that are called vesicles. The cavities were once filled with gas that were became trapped when the liquid rock, called magma, cooled and became a solid rock. An individual cavity is called a vesicle. When a volcanic basalt rock, like this one, contains many vesicles, it is said to have a vesicular texture. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, Pancake Bay Provincial Park (Ontario), along the Lake Superior shore, August 12, 2018. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1594756108651-B1X64G3HMX34UPLXOJOB/IMGP1944_geology_Keweenawan_basalt_vesicles_Pancake_Bay_Provincial_Park_Aug1318_Andy_Fyon.JPG Topics Photo 3: To the right of the coin is a vesicular Keweenawan basalt sample. It is called vesicular because the tiny cavities are open. To elongate basalt sample the extreme right is an amygdaloidal basalt. The original gas cavities have been filled with different secondary minerals. Therefore, the former gas cavities are now called an an amygdules and the sample has an amygdaloidal texture. Photo by Andy Fyon, Pancake Bay Provincial Park (Ontario), August 13, 2018. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1594839076077-YZ4KFT67X9BH9BH9E8RV/_IMG0761_Brute_Mountain_looking_west_from_mine_workings_alpine_Montana_Mountain_Carcross_Yukon_July1608_squarespace+Andy+Fyon.JPG Topics Photo 1: In the centre of the image is a curved bowl that was cut into he mountainside by an alpine glacier. That bowl is called a cirque. On the ground, in the foreground, are ridges of coarse gravel. Those ridges are called terminal moraines that marked the lines where the glacier stopped its forward movement, towards the end of the last ice age about 15,000 years ago. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, on Brute Mountain, looking west from Mount Montana area, Yukon, Canada, July 16, 2008. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1594839800256-6FJ9K755ANB2FR3XZMFS/image-asset.jpeg Topics Photo 2: The red arrows point to the crests of at least three terminal moraines. The terminal moraines mark the forward limit of front of a glacier that moved forward, perhaps melted back, moved forward again, but not as far as the first advance, melted back, and moved forward one last time to create the terminal moraine closest to the centre of the cirque. All of this advancing and retreating, or melting back, likely took place towards the end of the last ice age about 15,000 years ago. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, on Brute Mountain, looking west from the Mount Montana area, Yukon, Canada, July 16, 2008. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1597417466855-7QOH84AT4JXU87KNN9UZ/Location+L%27Anse+aux+Meadows+national+historic+site_Google_Earth_Andy+Fyon_Aug1420.jpg Topics Photo 1: Location of L’Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site, on the northern tip of the Great Northern Peninsula, island of Newfoundland, in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. Google Map image modified. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1597074334731-DRY5HUH5WZA5B7D4061U/P1030177_Norse_sod_living_quarters_L%27Anse+aux+Meadows_National+Historic+Site_NL_June1211_squarespace_Andy_Fyon.JPG Topics Photo 2: A Norse, sod dwelling located at the L’Anse Aux Meadows National Historic Site, on the island of Newfoundland, in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. Photo composed on a wet, cold, spring day. Photo by Andy Fyon, June 12, 2011. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1597156342581-OBWEW97Y1MEBN8UR6T3G/P1360759_iron_ore_pellets_magnetite_found_Goat_Island_Manitoulin_Fyon_Feb2518_Andy_Fyon_squarespace.JPG Topics Photo 3: The black balls are called iron pellets. The pellets are the type of interim product made by concentrating raw iron ore at a mine site. The pellets are shipped to a smelter where they are melted to produce iron metal. These pellets were found on the ground, at a shipping dock, on Goat Island, near Little Current, Manitoulin Island, Ontario. The source of iron pellet is not known. Photo composed by Andy Fyon April 2, 2010. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1597075888832-ELHK83LA1FMANHC8K2BI/IMGP6372_geology_red_hematite_magnetite_banded_iron_formation_BIF_Sherman_Mine_gate_Temagami_July0118_andy_fyon_squarespace.JPG Topics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1597075891169-CZN89LHK0DSR3L0DR0RO/_IMG1306_chert_magnetite_iron_formation_Fyon_Jan0414_ppt_rot2.JPG Topics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1597159679402-CRZPYS9IK38V7JVXZKGE/IMGP3879_iron_iridescent_film_on_water_mud_flat_Rock_Lake_Algonquin_Provincial_Park_ON_Sept3019_fb_Andy+Fyon+squarespace.JPG Topics Photo 5: This iridescent sheen on the water’s surface is often misinterpreted as pollution. It is an iron scum formed as the result of bacteria working with atmospheric oxygen to oxidize reduced iron that is carried by the groundwater. Photo of iridescent iron sheen composed at Rock Lake, Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario, Sept 30/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1597159917594-CC49NHLV2L8TGPB99UEI/Photo+1_IMGP0379_geology_red_iron_stain_Red_Creek_Dempster+Highway_Yukon_June1219_fb_Andy_Fyon_squarespace.JPG Topics Photo 6: Example of reduced iron, brought to the surface by groundwater, that has reacted with oxygen in the atmosphere to create tiny iron minerals. Subsurface, acidic, waters dissolve, transport, and concentrate reduced iron in the oxygen deprived bog. Where iron-rich groundwater flows onto the land surface, the reduced iron dissolved in the water reacts with oxygen in the air and with bacteria to form iron minerals. The minerals cannot stay dissolved in the groundwater, so they fall out, or precipitate, and are concentrated on surface vegetation, in seeps, or as coatings on rocks. Engineer Creek / Red Creek, in Yukon, Canada, has a yellow colour because of tiny iron minerals being carried by the creek and the land is stained orange-red by iron minerals formed by this process. Photo composed at Red Creek (Engineer Creek), along the Dempster Highway, Yukon, June 12/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1597161130992-1N8QSC4WZ7D2B1YBVPD9/P1030170_Norse_smelter_L%27Anse+aux+Meadows_National+Historic+Site_NL_June1211_Andy_Fyon_squarespace.JPG Topics Photo 7: A recreation of the type of iron smelter forge used by the Norse at L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, June 12, 2011. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1597071139803-CFA5E99RZEFI13VUSEV4/P1030173_Norse_iron_smelter_L%27Anse+aux+Meadows_National+Historic+Site_NL_June1211_fb_Andy_Fyon_squarespace.JPG Topics Photo 8: The small rusty lumps are likely pieces of porous bog iron material collected from the local bogs and/or residue to initial heating of bog iron, found at L’Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site, Newfoundland and Labrador. The large dark coloured lump on the right is a piece of smelted iron, created by cooking the bog iron at a very high temperature, to melt the iron. The Norse visitors to L’Anse aux Meadows understood and practiced smelting metallurgy to make iron, which they used to make iron tools. Photo composed at L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site, at the tip of the Great Northern Peninsula, Newfoundland and Labrador, June 12/11. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1597938108516-3FH7QTA91AO511O71TD9/IMG_20190717_110827_geology_calcareous+tufa_Warm_Bay_Atlin_BC_July1719_fb.jpg Topics Photo 1: This tufa landscape is underlain by whitish yellow- to -grey-coloured material called tufa. Tufa is made largely of the mineral calcite. The calcite was precipitated on surface from warm calcareous groundwater. Calciphile plants grow on this tufa substrate. Photo composed at Warm Bay, Atlin Lake, northern British Columbia, by Andy Fyon, July 17/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1598919075792-61CO2AMN7TSG12K8RFZ5/Marlbank_ON_Google_Earth_Aug3120_Andy_Fyon.jpg Topics Photo 2: Dry Lake is a marl lake located southwest of Marlbank, Ontario. The white lake bottom of Dry Lake consists of calcareous mud and shells of gastropods. The odd looking cuts in the lake bottom are the relicts of a past mining history, where the lake bottom sediments were mined to make Portland Cement. The narrow linear white ribbons are old railroad lines. Image source: Google Earth. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1598969463546-PXM955NI130RMHQUTCKF/co2+pressure+increase_2_Andy_Fyon_squarespace.jpg Topics Photo 3: Increasing the pressure of carbon dioxide gas (CO2) in the atmosphere, represented by increasing the number of red dots above the beaker, causes the reaction to adjust by pushing "forward" to the right to increase the amount of carbon dioxide gas (CO2) in the water. The reaction continues until a new equilibrium state is reached between the amount of carbon dioxide gas (CO2) in the atmosphere and water. Image by E. Ginn. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1598969998001-LRIV7WSDOB8BHZHG4JD1/co2+pressure+decrease_2_Andy_Fyon_squarespace.jpg Topics Photo 4: Decreasing the pressure of carbon dioxide gas (CO2) in the atmosphere, represented by decreasing the number of red dots above the water beaker, causes the reaction to compensate by pushing the reaction in “reverse”, to the left, to decrease the amount of carbon dioxide gas (CO2) dissolved in the water. The reaction continues until a new equilibrium state is reached between the amount of carbon dioxide gas (CO2) in the atmosphere and water. Image by E. Ginn. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1599869663721-BU5371LRACHJE73W76ID/calcite+CO2+carbonic+acid+water+Sept1120_reaction_Andy+Fyon.jpg Topics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1599870087960-NYV69HYXXDPE01JZ99SB/calcite+CO2+carbonic+acid+water+Sept1120_red+arrow+right_Andy_Fyon.jpg Topics Photo 5: Increasing the carbon dioxide (CO2) pressure causes calcite (CaCO3) to dissolve. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1599870490622-6YMIBJ3M9H60RBSJQMTJ/calcite+CO2+carbonic+acid+water+Sept1120_red+arrow+left_Andy+Fyon.jpg Topics Photo 6: Reducing the carbon dioxide (CO2) pressure causes calcite (CaCO3) to precipitate. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1598972555883-7K60URRLNAA6MP4DJ6W6/CO2+temperature+carbonic+acid+calcite_2_Andy_Fyon_squarespace.jpg Topics Photo 7: Less carbon dioxide (CO2) is dissolved in hot water compared to room temperature water. Conversely, more carbon dioxide (CO2) is dissolved in cold ice water compared to room temperature water. Image by: E. Ginn, 2020. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1598958574593-C0F5PAZXHCMEXWWUK2N1/_IMG3814_geology_talus_apron_lake_louise_alberta_June2714_Andy+Fyon.jpg Topics Photo 1: Talus cone that accumulated off the mountain. Image by Andy Fyon, Lake Louise, Alberta, June 27/14. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1598958427759-L3ZSEVL50BX81NQRK2TX/IMGP0432_table_mountain_alberta_june2906_Andy+Fyon.jpg Topics Photo 2: The person is standing on a scree surface, derived from the weathering and break up of slate. Photo by Andy Fyon at Table Mountain, Alberta, June 29/06. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1598959419782-2XM5EXN8WFZ57SCZ5MOP/IMGP0988_geology_talus_cones_scree_Bow_Lake_Banff_National_Park_AB_Aug0719_Andy_Fyon_squarespace.JPG Topics Photo 3: Talus cones developed at the base of mountain cliffs, Bow Lake, Banff National Park, Alberta. Image by: Andy Fyon, Aug. 7/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1598959694889-78DYJU7TGL4BUA7BWCHS/IMGP0983_geology_talus_cone_scree_Bow_Lake_Banff_National_Park_AB_Aug0719_Andy_Fyon_squarespace.JPG Topics Photo 4: Close up of talus cones developed at the base of mountain cliffs, Bow Lake, Banff National Park, Alberta. Image by: Andy Fyon, Aug. 7/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1598960465947-4LLABYAE8VD62JV4UOUT/IMGP0383_cushion_buckwheat_Eriogonum_ovalifolium_scree_slope_Table_Mountain_AB_June2906_Andy_Fyon_squarespace.jpg Topics Photo 5: Cushion Buckwheat (Eriogonum ovalifolium) growing on a substrate of shale on a scree slope, Table Mountain, Alberta. Image by Andy Fyon, June 29/06. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1599753762890-L89X7XW9GABYYA3FT90F/pillow_basalt_LC3-29.jpg Topics Photo 1: Pillowed basalt. The bulbose, elliptical features outlines by a narrow, dark coloured rim, are called pillows. Pillows are like tubes, through which the lava flows. The presence of pillow features is one feature that indicated the lava flowed on a water covered surface. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1599753932593-I3QPKZCWFYIUI8LXY83V/pegphoto_silicified_basalt_Buttercup_Hill_Noranda.jpg Topics Photo 2: A white, very hard rock that has a silica abundance similar to rhyolite. Yet, the bulbose features look like pillows. It would be unusual, but not impossible, to find a rhyolite with pillows. The superficial chemistry and physical features create a bit of a paradox. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1601043676056-MQYMZSX80SDAJHFWU1DN/IMGP4538_Mishipeshu_Great_Lynx_First_Nation_pictographs_Agawa_Rock_Lake_Superior_Provincial_Park_Aug1918_Andy_Fyon_square.jpg Topics Photo 1: Mishipeshu, the Great Lynx (top centre), is one of the red ochre pictographs on the cliff face beside Lake Superior, Lake Superior Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada. Shown with respect. I confess that I was not happy climbing on this ledge, which sloped into the cold waters of Lake Superior. Image by Andy Fyon, Aug. 19, 2018. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1601046674230-2SOT2T1PO0XOSQ5X3YVX/hematite+crystals+and+red+ochre+on+fracture+in+diabase+Aug1918_andy+fyon+sq.jpg Topics Photo 2: The black arrows point to shiny crystal faces of what appears to be specular hematite. Other arrows point to black sooty iron minerals. The red powdery material is red ochre that has formed on the fracture face. The original rock was diabase - an igneous rock that formed deep in the Earth and that has enjoyed chemical weathering on the Earth’s surface. Photo by Andy Fyon, south of Gargantua Bay, along the coast of Lake Superior, Lake Superior Provincial Park, Aug.15, 2018. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1601047042085-7DHQ35JFMQ8EE5V7C23N/IMGP2905_geology_red_ochre_specular_hematite_diabase_Gargantua_trail_Lake_Superior_Provincial_Park_Aug1518_Andy_Fyon_square.JPG Topics Photo 3: This red-coloured surface consists of powdery red ochre that is forming from continued chemical weathering of exposed secondary iron oxide minerals like hematite. The powdery surface lies on a fracture surface, which is an ideal channel for groundwater to access and chemically weather the diabase rock. The original rock was diabase - an igneous rock that formed deep in the Earth and that has enjoyed chemical weathering on the Earth’s surface. Photo by Andy Fyon, south of Gargantua Bay, along the coast of Lake Superior, Lake Superior Provincial Park, Aug.15, 2018. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1601911512565-924D1NW8E12CSDBDQGRD/IMGP2885_geology_limescale_diabase+Gargantua_trail_Lake_Superior_Provincial_Park_Aug1518_Andy_Fyon_squarespace2.jpg Topics Photo 1: The red arrows point to white-coloured limescale on the surface of a rock called diabase dike. The limescale formed from calcium-rich seepage that drained out from underground, to the surface, through a network of cracks and fractures in the rock. Image by Andy Fyon, Gargantua trail, Lake Superior Provincial Park, Aug. 15, 2018. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1601912934119-9YMO4OL2T9TL6EVJ85RT/IMGP2882_geology_lime_calcite_in+fractures+Gargantua_trail_Lake_Superior_Provincial_Park_Aug1518_Andy+Fyon+squarespace.jpg Topics Photo 2: Red arrows point to calcite that fills cracks and fractures in a diabase rock. The calcite formed when calcium-rich groundwater flowed underground through a network of fractures in the rock on its journey to the Earth’s surface. Image by Andy Fyon, Gargantua trail, Lake Superior Provincial Park, Aug. 15, 2018. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1601912721043-Z4ZUJG0PRFVL52OIHSXB/IMGP5015_geology_Keweenawan_Conglomerate_calcite_veins_limescale_cement_Deadmans_Cove_Aug2118_red_arrows.jpg Topics Photo 3: The red arrows point to calcite limescale that binds cobbles together in this ancient conglomerate deposits. Image by Andy Fyon, of a Keweenawan conglomerate, at Deadmans Cove, Aug. 21, 2018. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1601914314405-QOEPV6ZT8HV7MPFS4JZ5/limescale+and+ciphile+plants+Oct0320_Andy+Fyon.jpg Topics Photo 4: Conditions which lead to the formation of calcite limescale on the warm surface of a Sun-baked rock. Letters mean: A: rain or snow source of groundwater; B: soil; C: rock; D: cold groundwater containing dissolved calcium and carbon dioxide (CO2); E: groundwater warmed by the Sun as the water flows over the Sun-bakes rock surface; F: calcite limescale or calcite infilling cracks and fractures in the rock; G: Evapouration of the warm calcium- and CO2-bearing groundwater; and H: Sun. Image by E. Ginn. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1606430199985-Q5Q8BEW9JY6USXDGIZJ6/flowstone_ss_Andy_Fyon_Bonnechere+cave_Andy+Fyon.jpg Topics Photo 1: Flowstone, made from calcium carbonate (CaCO3), covers a vertical wall in a limestone cave. The red arrow points the flowstone. Image by Andy Fyon, composed in the Bonnechere Cave, Eganville, Ontario, July 27, 2016. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1605546022545-H0LKJIQ5ZUOX16VQYT5W/Photo+1_P1240185_johnstons_canyon_travertine_Banff_area_Alberta_June2614_Square_Andy_Fyon.JPG Topics Photo 2: Buff-coloured flowstone drape, made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), covers a vertical wall along the Johnston Canyon, Banff National Park, Alberta. Johnston Canyon formed when the ancestral Johnston Creek eroded down through the limestone bedrock. Image by Andy Fyon, June 26, 2014. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1606427282572-ALH3ZH618LFSEYFPEK31/P1350150_geology_stalagmite_Bonnechere_caves_Eganville_July2716_SS_Andy_Fyon.JPG Topics Photo 3: A stalactite is a type of speleothem that forms in a limestone cave, that is made from calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and that hangs from the cave roof like an icicle. The stalactite occurs in the centre of this photo. Image by Andy Fyon, composed in the Bonnechere Cave, Eganville, Ontario, July 27, 2016. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1606599768008-7OUWNTX9VTHVBDDJNNQL/IMGP6907_geology_calcareous_tufa_meadow_warm_spring_pool_Atlin_BC_July1619_square_Andy_Fyon.JPG Topics Photo 4: Tufa is a porous calcium carbonate (CaCO3) deposit formed by precipitation from cool mineralized groundwater springs. The pores show as spaces within the deposit. Photo by Andy Fyon, Warm Bay, Atlin Lake, British Columbia, July 16/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/a850cb0f-6a7b-4915-a70f-4abbc555f203/photo+1+dissolution+precipitation+of+calcite+weathering+Jan2221_red+arrow_andy+fyon.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Photo 5: A common way to precipitate the mineral calcite (CaCO3) from water is to degas carbon dioxide (CO2) that is dissolved in the water. The red arrow illustrates the “direction” the chemical reaction will follow when CO2 is degassed. Degassing will cause calcite (CaCO3) to “fall out” or precipitate from the water solution. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1609950630347-BDN4SOII7OFC46FOY21D/calcareous+calciphile+habitats+by+libby+circles+04+Nov3020+Andy+Fyon_resize.jpg Topics Photo 1: An illustration of the processes by which different geological materials are transformed into a calcareous habitat. Example 1: The igneous rock named basalt can be chemically weathered by hydrolysis to create a calcareous habitat. Example 2: A chemical precipitate can be created in a marl lake by warming of lake water, or photosynthesis, both of which decrease the concentration of carbon dioxide in the lake water, which precipitates calcite and creates a calcareous habitat. Image by Libby Ginn, 2020. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1611333756164-TLL9D602MQH80Q9C4NNK/chemical+weathering+of+rock+by+co2+water+Jan2221_andy+fyon.jpg Topics Photo 2: Carbon dioxide gas is available from: a) the atmosphere, where it is dissolved in raindrops; and b) soil gas, where it is dissolved in groundwater. As the carbon dioxide charged water percolates down into the rock, that water begins to react with, and to weather, the rocks. That weathering releases the element calcium from the rock-forming minerals. The calcium is carried away by the groundwater to a location where other chemical reactions cause the calcium to precipitate as calcite. That calcite is the foundation for a calcareous substrate and habitat. Cartoon by L. Ginn, 2021. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1611438601129-LLFKE01YPEIQA99JC0CR/juvenile+igneous+carbon+dioxide+gas+Jan2321_ppt_crop+andy+fyon.jpg Topics Photo 3: Cartoon illustrating sources of juvenile or magmatic or igneous carbon dioxide gas. The dashed arrows show the release of carbon dioxide gas from: the top of a volcano; b) a cooling volcanic deposit, such as a lava flow or pyroclastic deposit on he Earth’s surface; and c) a cooling pluton that has solidified below the land surface. Meteoric water falls on the land, sinks into the subsurface where the water takes carbon dioxide gas into solution. Cartoon by L. Ginn, 2021. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1611698215189-DY8N1XIJ6O834YOUQX2T/carbon+dioxide+degassing+Libby+cartoon+Jan2621_SS+andy+fyon.jpg Topics Photo 4: An water solution can degas, or lose, dissolved carbon dioxide gas by: A) adjustment of the carbon dioxide gas pressure in the water with the carbon dioxide gas pressure in the surrounding environment, such as inside a cave; B and C) agitation of the aqueous solution as it flows over an irregular land surface; D) evaporation of the aqueous solution and warming of the aqueous solution; and plant and bacteria photosynthesis. Cartoon by L. Ginn 2021 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1611440519392-4JEB9K24MXQR8QNDW444/dissolution+precipitation+of+calcite+weathering+Jan2221_red+arrow_andy+fyon.jpg Topics Photo 5: This chemical reaction illustrates what happens to an aqueous solution that is saturated with carbon dioxide gas and is in equilibrium with the mineral calcite. If carbon dioxide gas is removed from the solution (top line), the chemistry attempts to compensate by following the path of the red arrow by combining calcium and bicarbonate ions to form the mineral calcite, carbon dioxide gas and water. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1611520629154-CB3XTYTSRTL9CD8EME4A/Photo+2+_IMG1111_geology_bubbles_water_entering_Warm_Springs_Atlin_Lake_Atlin_BC_July1908_ppy.JPG Topics Photo 6: Carbon dioxide bubbles breaking the surface of a small pool, fed by warm, carbon dioxide-charged, lime-rich groundwater spring is evidence of carbon dioxide degassing. This degassing created a tufa deposit because calcite is precipitated. Photo composed by Andy Fyon at the Warm Springs pool, south of Atlin, northern British Columbia, July 19/08. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1611520666039-HRREHORGQ0PNN8523TPS/photo+3+_IMG1506_geology_bubbling_hot_water_pool_Liard_River_Hot_Springs_BC_July2108_fb_ss.JPG Topics Photo 7: Carbon dioxide bubbles breaking the surface of the Alpha Pool, Liard River Hot Springs, which is fed by hot, carbon dioxide-charged springs. The bubbling is evidence of carbon dioxide degassing. Calcite precipitates as a result. That calcite has created tufa deposits and a large calcareous fen in this area. Photo composed by Andy Fyon at Liard River Hot Springs Provincial Park, July 21, 2008. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1611525188862-XFKTDDL8D8LBYLBV426W/Photo+8+IMGP9296_Common_Stonewort_Chara_vulgaris_calcareous_marsh_Liard_River_Hot_Springs_Provincial_Park_BC_June0519_andy+fyon.JPG Topics Photo 8: Common Stonewort, inferred to be Chara vulgaris, grows in a calcareous fen at Liard River Hot Springs Provincial Park. The white colour on the outside of some appendages is reported to be calcareous deposits, based on the information signs at the park. Image by Andy Fyon, Liard River Hot Springs Provincial Park, British Columbia, June 5/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1611525513259-6ZDW779I6AN8WBCRSDBM/Photo+9+IMGP3833_Stoneworts+Genus+Chara_marl_pond_Turtle_Pond_MacGregor_Point_Provincial_Park_June0218_andy+fyon.JPG Topics Photo 9: Stoneworts (Genus Chara) growing in a shallow marl lake, named Turtle Pond, at MacGregor Point Provincial Park, Ontario. The light brown colour is reported on the information signs to be calcareous material. Photosynthesis by algae (Chara) removes carbon dioxide from the carbon dioxide-charged, limy water. That carbon dioxide degassing causes the calcareous material to precipitate. Image by Andy Fyon, June 2/18. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1611526027393-VY5NIG84OBJFUSFD3IPL/Photo+10+_IMG8057_pond_dolomite_algae_around_shore_NWT_July0113_andy+fyon.JPG Topics Photo 10: A number of marl lakes, like this one, are marked by light coloured calcareous material and algae along the lakeshore and on the lake bottom. I speculate that algae photosynthesis and warming of the lake water are responsible for degassing of carbon dioxide from the lake water and precipitation of the calcareous material. Image by Andy Fyon, north of Fort Providence, along the side of Highway 3, Northwest Territories, July 1/13. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1611535528358-CEZX2F4RQCUCBYBSTONJ/Photo+11+IMGP3653_habitat_Oliphant_coastal_fen_Bruce_Peninsula_June0118_SS_andy+fyon.JPG Topics Photo 11: Oliphant coastal marsh is considered to be a calcareous fen. Carbon dioxide- and calcium-charged groundwater likely contributed to the water in the wetland. Degassing of carbon dioxide from the water may have been caused by one, or all, of warming and evaporation of the shallow marsh water, photosynthesis by plants and algae, and transfer of carbon dioxide gas from the groundwater into the atmosphere because the groundwater contained more carbon dioxide gas than the atmosphere. Degassing of carbon dioxide gas from the water caused the precipitation of calcareous material, which gives the floor of the wetland a light brown colour. Image by Andy Fyon, at the Oliphant coastal fen wetland, Bruce Peninsula, Ontario, June 1/18 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1611885556531-9VJT1IV87PGXH9JH3JTB/calcareous+coastal+marsh+Jan2821+crop+SS+andy+fyon.jpg Topics Photo 12: A cartoon that illustrates one way the create a calcareous, coastal fen or wetland. Carbon dioxide- and calcium-rich groundwater (light blue arrows) flows through limestone and dolomite rocks (grey colour) and discharges onto to the shore area to help create a coastal marsh (light blue colour). Marsh plants and algae (black marks) occur in the coastal marsh. A sandy beach area is coloured yellow. Several processes can cause calcite to precipitate, which is the chemical foundation to a calcareous coastal fen: [1] photosynthesis by algae, bacteria, and aquatic plants, which removes carbon dioxide gas from the calcium-rich fen water; [2] warming of the shallow surface water by the Sun caused degassing of carbon dioxide gas from the groundwater; and [3] carbon dioxide degassing from the groundwater when it discharges on the land surface because the groundwater contains more carbon dioxide gas than the atmosphere.. Cartoon by L. Ginn, 2021. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1611536506934-Q5P82IP3DVC7C3WHDZBH/IMGP2885_geology_limescale_diabase+Gargantua_trail_Lake_Superior_Provincial_Park_Aug1518_Andy_Fyon_squarespace2.jpg Topics Photo 13: The red arrows point to white-coloured limescale calcite that precipitated on the surface of a rock outcrop. Image by Andy Fyon, Gargantua trail, Lake Superior Provincial Park, Ontario, Aug. 15/18. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1611537133608-OG9PG34BFDO7QT2APO23/photo+4+IMG_20190717_110827_geology_calcareous+tufa_Warm_Bay_Atlin_BC_July1719_fb.jpg Topics Photo 14: A tufa deposit forms where a carbon dioxide-charged, lime-rich groundwater spring discharges onto the land surface. Carbon dioxide gas degassing from the groundwater, is one factor causing precipitation of calcite - the main component of the tufa. Image by Andy Fyon, composed at Warm Spring Bay, Atlin, British Columbia, July 17/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1611538329936-GVX71PIK5JVDZ3SNIC4Y/Carcross+calcareous+fen+drone+image+July2219+Wasyl_ss+andy+fyon.jpg Topics Photo 15: A large area of calcite alkali flat near Carcross, Yukon. The white coloured material is the precipitated calcite. Image by Andy Fyon, July 22/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1618744492746-SRYIULP8G1MRBZG6LXLJ/thumbnail_Ibyuk+Pingo_Pingo+Canadian+Landmark_Tuktoyaktuk_NT_NWT_June1819_andy+fyon+SS2.JPG Topics Image 1: This geological landform is the Ibyuk Pingo, located in the Pingo Canadian Landmark (Pingo National Landmark), near the community of Tuktoyaktuk, Northwest Territories, Canada. Ice occupies the core of the pingo. The pingo is covered by an insulating blanket of tundra vegetation, which keeps the ice core from melting. Image composed by Andy Fyon, June 18, 2019. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1618774582297-8QFWP11K9XKYOSBTA01S/2_cartoon+closed+system+pingo+SS+andy+fyon_2.jpg Topics Image 2: Cartoon of an closed system pingo, where the pingo grows vertically when water-saturated muck freezes from below and from top down, in an area of continuous permafrost. Cartoon by E. Ginn, April 18/21 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1618773905284-BBEXRH0G2Y9SYSQF0G1D/open+system+pingo+SS+andy+fyon_22.jpg Topics Image 3: Cartoon of an open system pingo, where groundwater flows in an area of discontinuous permafrost. Cartoon by E. Ginn, April 18/21 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1618931329105-V7WM9DKEY0XQ0U9KEO0S/Photo+1_permafrost_map_NRCan+FFF.jpg Topics Image 4: Distribution of permafrost across Canada. Image source: Canada-Permafrost Map https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1618745370633-A4KW9NUU6WDNVMJ86T0Y/Ibyuk+pingo+IMGP1528_geology_tundra_Tuktoyaktuk_NT_June1819_SS+andy+Fyon.JPG Topics Image 5: The pingo located in the front is called the Ibyuk Pingo. It is located in the Pingo Canadian Landmark, near the community of Tuktoyaktuk, Northwest Territories, Canada. Ice occupies the core of the pingo. The pingo is covered by an insulating blanket of tundra vegetation, which keeps the ice core from melting. The landscape in the foreground is typical tundra of this part of the subarctic. Image composed by Andy Fyon, June 18, 2019. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1618746014898-UXWIATUSWFDB9DZOXNGR/3_unfrozen+water+pack+pingo+Andy+Fyon+Ap1521+SS+_resize.jpg Topics Image 6: We can model the formation of a pingo by filling, and freezing, a baggie filled with water. This water-filled baggie represents water-saturated lake-bottom sediments. Image by Andy Fyon. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1618746032559-5J4XSOW5M8LURTPYSPVO/4_expanded+ice+pack+pingo+Ap1521_ss+andy+fyon_resize.jpg Topics Image 7: We can model the formation of a pingo by filling, and freezing, a baggie filled with water. The ice in this frozen baggie represents the ice core of the pingo. When it froze, the ice expanded in all directions. In the pingo world, the ice would have pushed upwards as it expanded, growing the pingo upwards. Image by Andy Fyon, April 15/21. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1618746621797-0633YGID8BT6I78Z7KWD/5_IMGP9384_geology_pingo_Mackenzie_River_delta_near_Tuktoyaktuk_NT_June2507_SS+andy+fyon2.jpg Topics Image 8: A pingo in the Pingo Canadian Landmark located on the edge of a lake, near Tuktoyaktuk, Northwest Territories, Canada. This pingo appears to have formed on the edge of a partially drained subarctic lake. Photo by Andy Fyon, June 25/07. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1618747411213-YKRPA7ADLK4GMH9R98B0/6_closed+system+pingo+cartoon+ss+andy+fyon.jpg Topics Image 9: A cartoon of a tundra lake, developed on continuous permafrost. The brown coloured material represents water-saturated lake bottom sediments, or muck. Cartoon by E. Ginn, 2021. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1618776057405-4CL5AW5TBF6SJ8D0N5NO/9_frozen+muck+stage+closed+system+pingo+cartoon+ss+andy+fyon.jpg Topics Image 10: As the water-saturated lake bottom sediments freeze from the top down and the bottom up, pressurized water concentrates within the core of the lake bottom sediment. Cartoon by E. Ginn, April 18/21. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1618776898309-AUN99IDJ5LUOK3C4JC41/10_pingo+collapse+closed+system+pingo+cartoon+ss+andy+fyon.jpg Topics Image 11: If the vegetation blanket cracks open, warm summer air accesses and starts to melt the pingo ice core. Because the ice core supports the pingo, the pingo will collapse if the ice core melts. Cartoon by E. Ginn, April 18/21. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1618777817638-COWDFVLWR5YPSMEEGTAE/11_DSCN2102_geology_IBYUK+PINGO_from+plane+Tuktoyaktuk+NT+Libby+June2507_ss+andy+fyon.JPG Topics Image 12: View of Ibyuk pingo, Pingo Canadian Landmark, near Tuktoyaktuk, Northwest Territories. The vegetation cover over the Ibyuk pingo ice core may be showing signs of cracking. If so, this breach of the vegetation blanket may be a threat to Ibyuk and may be provide access by warm summer air. That warm air may start to melt the ice core, which could lead to the collapse of the pingo. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, June 25, 2007. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1618778398915-TOGJ3XLOGQUQABX0SPVV/gallery_IMGP1633_geology_Ibyuk+Pingo_sign_Pingo_Canadian+Landmark_Tuktoyaktuk_NT_June1819_ss+andy+fyon_resize.JPG Topics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1618778397870-JQJJVFVQ6ME2X5G6ZWBU/gallery_IMGP1515_geology_pingo_dry_hill_tundra_road_to_Tuktoyaktuk_NWT_June1819_ss+andy+fyon_resize.JPG Topics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1618778397872-O1P40RCHDIGCK9MX3PN8/gallery_IMGP1525_geology_pingo_dry_hill_tundra_road_to_Tuktoyaktuk_NT_June1819_ss+andy+fyon_resize.JPG Topics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1618778398853-Q1UTX08HYVF7E128HIIP/gallery_IMGP1573_geology_pingos_Tuktoyaktuk_road_NT_June1819_ss+andy+fyon_resize.JPG Topics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1618778399994-B6WNWRFET8A5DM54HR4L/gallery_IMGP9457_geology_pingo_Tuktoyaktuk_from_plane_NT_June2507_ss+andy+fyon_resize.jpg Topics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1618778400107-E5W2W9C1H3X9S7ON3M2U/gallery_IMGP9462_geology_pingo_from_plane_Mackenzie+River+delta+NT_June2507_ss+andy+fyon_resize.jpg Topics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1618778400823-4HTTX1HO2OYY00W0PS34/galleray_geology_pingo_dry_hill_tundra_road_to_Tuktoyaktuk_NWT_June1819_ss+andy+fyon_resize.JPG Topics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1618778401364-RJXHGRFDIN6PXN3P89AZ/gallery+IMGP9456_geology_pingo_Tuktoyaktuk_from_plane_NT_June2507_ss+andy+fyon_resize.jpg Topics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1618778401765-ALPYZQ4DFE5TEC3JVBCN/gallery_DSCN2103_geology_IBYUK+PINGO_from+plane+Tuktoyaktuk+NT+Libby+June2507_ss+andy+fyon_resize.JPG Topics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1618778402097-5CVSM902SGL89YYRQLRJ/gallery_Ibyuk+pingo+IMGP1528_geology_tundra_Tuktoyaktuk_NT_June1819_SS+andy+Fyon.JPG Topics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1618778402772-ESIFBC6A49IFAVID8VGI/gallery_IMGP1444_geology_pingo_tundra_road_to_Tuktoyaktuk_June1819_ss+andy+fyon_resize.JPG Topics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1618778403028-G79AX5KYSB4YGJNG8ZWD/gallery_IMGP1513_geology_pingo_dry_hill_tundra_road_to_Tuktoyaktuk_NT_June1819_ss+andy+fyon_resize.JPG Topics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1620417252297-794B079KYKWXD93P8BK4/erratic_cartoon-1024x853.jpg Topics Photo 1: Step A: an ice sheet plucks off a boulder of pink rock from the bedrock area where pink rock occurs. This is a type of erosion. Step B: The ice sheet transports the pink boulder away from its source outcrop. That transport distance can me meters to thousands of meters. Step C: When the glacier melts, the pink boulder is dropped or deposited on a different type of bedrock, in this case the blue bedrock. That is when the boulder becomes a glacial erratic. Image source: Glacial erratics. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1619879783588-3L1D7J90VJXL3QAO0VL3/PXL_20210430_152609847_geology_granite_erratic_Pinhey+Sand+dune+Nepean+ON+April3021_andy+fyon.jpg Topics Photo 2: A glacial erratic located in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The glacial erratic looks out of place. This one is composed of Precambrian granite, yet the surrounding rock is Paleozoic limestone. It is likely that the glacial erratic was transported from the Precambrian Canadian Shield, located about 25 km to the north. Photo by Andy Fyon in the Pinhey sand dune forest, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, April 30, 2021. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1619882589537-7XULM16RJJUAVAOBM1PA/_IMG6777_geology_Archean_boulders_glacial_erratics_plants_in_joints_Murphy_Point_alvar_Manitoulin_July1110_andy+fyon.JPG Topics Photo 3: Glacial erratics that occur on a dolomite alvar pavement, Murphy Point, Manitoulin Island, Ontario, Canada. The glacial erratics consist of Precambrian rock. Not that the erratics do not have sharp corners of edges. They were transported at least 55 km (35 mi) from the north. Photo by Andy Fyon, at Murphy Point, Manitoulin Island, July 11, 2010. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1619883512480-S1WA6VPHHISYZIMWK8O3/P1290331_geology_glacial_erratic_open_alvar_western_Manitoulin_Island_May1715_andy+fyon.JPG Topics Photo 4: A glacial erratic consisting of Precambrian granite sits on alvar pavement consisting of Ordovician dolomite. Photo of Andy Fyon, Misery Bay Provincial Park, Manitoulin Island, Ontario, Canada, May 17, 2015. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1619883861811-SWX23Z70B7ZTGD68EWXM/_IMG4781_glacial_Okotoks_Erratic_Alberta_July0414_andy+fyon.JPG Topics Photo 5: The famous Okotoks Erratic, located in Alberta, Canada, is about 41 by 18 m (135 by 60 ft) and is 9 m (30 ft) high. It is estimated to weigh about 16,500-tonne (18,200-ton). It was transported about 930 km (580 mi) from its source. Photo by Andy Fyon, July 4, 2014. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1620420019661-4K45QAKSYJLPOID1OM7X/_IMG6006_bell_rocks_fisher_wavy_site_ngsc_fieldtrip_Aug2714_SS+andy+fyon.JPG Topics Photo 6: The three Bell Rocks, located on private property, in the La Cloche area, north of Manitoulin Island, Ontario Canada. It is said these rocks were used by local First Nation people to send alarms over great distances. The Bell Rock resonate when struck by smaller, hand-held rocks, and that resonance sounds like a bell. Please note that rocks should be treated as sacred, and I do not encourage anyone to hit the rocks. If you visit, please seek the company of a local First Nation person familiar with the history and significance. Image by Andy Fyon, Aug 27, 2014. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1620420317015-C871YGG6GEF3GGMQQWMW/_IMG6002_bell_rocks_fisher_wavy_site_ngsc_fieldtrip_Aug2714_andy+fyon.JPG Topics Photo 7: Pits on the surface of the Bell Rocks appear to have been formed by the concussion of smaller hand-held rock used to create the bell sound. If you visit, please seek the company of a local First Nation person familiar with the history and significance. Image by Andy Fyon, Aug 27, 2014. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1620421625563-5NZ0FFXXN6Q9XVP70ROK/IMGP0177_buffalo_rub_rock_agriculture_alberta_June2806_andy+fyon.jpg Topics Photo 8: A likely glacial erratic that sits isolated on the prairie, near Onefour, southern Alberta, Canada. The ditch around the boulder and the smoothed surfaces are said to have been created by buffalo who rubbed against the boulder over many years. Image by Andy Fyon, June 28, 2005 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1624286614130-RCBCCANNPZ3YXV1M88WD/IMGP8299_geology_glacial+erratic_Grenville+gneiss+Libby+Carlington+Woods+trail+Ottawa+May3121_ss.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 9: A glacial erratic sitting on top of limestone in the Carlington Woods area, Ottawa, along one of the hiking trails. The erratic consists of Grenville gneiss (see phot 10, below, for close-up view of gneissic textures. Photo Andy Fyon, May 31/21. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1624286644403-RY2Z8408LQ65S5SDRGBQ/PXL_20210531_143158905_geology_glacial+erratic_Grenville+gneiss+Libby+Carlington+Woods+trail+Ottawa+May3121_ss+Andy+Fyon.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Photo 10: Close-up of the glacial erratic sitting on top of limestone in the Carlington Woods area, Ottawa. The lamination is typical of gneissic rock. I assume this rock was transported from the Quebec, across the Ottawa River. The erratic likely consists of Grenville gneiss. Photo Andy Fyon, May 31/21. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1624288745124-XR9MQDLZCHDZWJ073VSX/_IMG1606_geology_omar_concretion_Fort_Severn_ON_July0711_andy+fyon+ss.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 11: A type of glacial erratic called a “omar”. This type of glacial erratic consists of distinctive Proterozoic rock from the Omarolluk Formation of the Belcher Group, exposed on the Belcher Islands, of southeastern Hudson Bay. The glacial erratic rocks are composed of massive siliceous wacke characterized by buff-weathering calcareous concretions (Prest et al., 2000). Photo by Andy Fyon, on the south shore of Hudson Bay, Ontario, July 7, 2011. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/072103f3-cff2-4b60-b306-38a4fa1709b7/PXL_20210807_203541353_geology_glacial+erratic_Bog+Trail+Esker+Lakes+Provincial+Park+ON+Aug0721_Andy+Fyon+SS.jpg Topics - Make it stand out A glacial erratic located along the Lonesome Bog Trail, Esker Lakes Provincial Park, Ontario. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, Aug 7, 2021. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1624973238268-7QLCUQPEV6LLRCKDGFID/_IMG8075_geology_karst_misery_bay_manitoulin_island_Aug2310_ss.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 1: The open fissures are grikes (grykes). The flat, pavement areas between the grikes are called clints. These are karst features developed in limestone and dolostone. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, at Misery Bay Provincial Park, Manitoulin island, Ontario, Canada, Aug 23, 2010. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1624981119981-KHTGZIFRGXBRXPRVR4W7/ONTario+geology+map_bedrock-1_fb_andy+fyon+ss.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Photo 2: Simplified bedrock geology of Ontario, showing the distribution of the old Canadian Shield rocks, named Archean and Proterozoic) and the younger Phanerozoic tocks. Limestone and dolostone rocks occur in the Phanerozoic packages. Those limy rocks occur in the south and along the shores of James Bay and Hudson Bay. Image derived from Ontario Geological Survey. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1625497483996-D5XWM886L7XJO62HY7HL/_IMG6354_habitat_geology_alvar+pavement_shore_alvar_burnt_island_harbour_Manitoulin_ON_July0310_ss+andy+fyon.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 3: A large, flat, open area on dolostone. This flat area is called pavement. Image by Andy Fyon, Burnt Island harbour area, western Manitoulin Island, Ontario, Canada, July 3/10. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1624973699770-0XJI215JL45N6Q9U0GBQ/P1270264_geology_karst_openings_Lake_Ontario_Park_Kingston_Lake_Ontario_Dec2214_SS_andy_fyon.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 4: The straight open fissures in the limestone rock are called grikes. The flat table-like pavement areas are called clints. Grikes and clints are karst features that develop when slightly acidic water dissolves the limestone or dolostone rock along cracks and fractures. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, along the shore of Lake Ontario, at Lake Ontario Park, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, Dec 22, 2014. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1624974252705-YU2QE8RPLHYDYZ1PK5IX/P1100847_karst_geology_Ordovician_Verulum_Formation_Goat_Island_manitoulin_Aug2012_andy+fyon+ss.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 5: When the grikes are straight and the surface of the clints are roughly the same size, the clints begin to look like human-made paving stones. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, Ordovician Verulam Formation, Goat Island, just north of Manitoulin Island, Ontario, Canada, Aug 20, 2012. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1629493749433-0VSS4D9VUESCWR7XSH3N/location+of+marble+barrens+Centennial+Lake+area+Google+Earth+Aug2021_SS_Andy+Fyon.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Photo 1: The red triangles indicate the general location of the marble barrens that I examined. The location of the Centennial Lake Provincial Nature Reserve is illustrative only. Please refer to the official Ontario Parks website for the location details of Centennial Lake Provincial Nature Reserve. There are likely several other areas of exposed marble barrens, based on analysis of the Google Earth satellite imagery. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1629488652883-D72VT3WR8Y283CZM3UIX/marble_collected_from_till_west_of_Ottawa_marble_Andy_Fyon_fall_2017_white_balance_ppt_SS_Andy+Fyon.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Photo 2: Marble is a white-coloured, coarsely crystalline rock (grain size is obvious to the eye) that is created by heating of limestone under higher pressure, deep below the surface of the Earth. Photo by Andy Fyon, 2017. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1629489339846-0J66CIU7LMIKHYGY8468/P1330560_geology_building_stone_Eramosa_Limestone_Onroute_along_highway_400_Dec2215_SS_Andy+Fyon.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 3: Limestone that is used as decorative building facing. Geologists call this the Eramosa limestone and it occurs in southern Ontario. When buried deeply below the Earth’s surface, the limestone is heated and squeezed and transformed into marble. Photo by Andy Fyon, December 22, 2015. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1629491572735-IEBVHMSVKSOU1PN6URT2/PXL_20210728_175854069_marble+barrens+Centennial+Lake+provincial+Park+ON+July2821_SS_Andy+Fyon.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Photo 4: An example of the marble barrens that occurs within Centennial Lake Provincial Nature Reserve, Ontario. Four zones are visible in this photo. Zone 1: the dark- to black-coloured areas are the discoloured surfaces of exposed marble rock. That marble rock is not covered by any soil. Zone 2: where thin soil occurs, such as along the centre axis of the exposure, the marble supports sparsely developed vegetation, such as mosses, lichens, and specialized grasses (e.g., Philadelphia Panic Grass (Panicum philadelphicum). Zone 3: a deeper soil apron occurs around the outer perimeter of the marble barrens and supports ferns and other vascular plants before abruptly transitioning into the mixed forest. Zone 4: mixed forest. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, July 28. 2021. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1629491121665-7R1UF9QFHF6NN88DFIV1/PXL_20210728_152131606_geology_black+stain+and+white+marble_marble+barrens+Centennial+Lake+provincial+Park+ON+July2821_SS_Andy+Fyon.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Photo 5: The sunglasses sit on the edge between two blocks of marble. The black-coloured marble surface is likely the result of algae, bacteria or fungus, which changed the normally white marble into a black-coloured surface. The white marble block shows the fresh surface of marble that has not been discoloured by the actions of algae, bacteria or fungus. Photo composed in Centennial Lake Provincial Nature Reserve, Ontario, by Andy Fyon, July 28, 2021. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1629495139062-YTI4YZWVY9BKQV55H1IZ/Grenville+Province_SS+Andy+Fyon.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Photo 6: Simplified bedrock geology of southern Ontario. Zone A: youngest rocks of Ontario that are assigned to the Paleozoic era and range in age from 540 to 360 million years old. Zone B: Grenville Province - includes rocks that range in age from about 2 billion to 1 billion years old. These rocks are part of the larger Canadian Shield. Zone C: Superior Province (pink and green on map) and Southern Province (yellow on map), both of which consist of rocks that are older than 2 billion years in age. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1629545621303-WPU7HBV7LSEDDW3Q3UJJ/bedrock+geology+black+donald+lake+area+Google+Earth+Aug2121_ss_Andy+Fyon.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Photo 7: The red triangles illustrate the approximate location of the marble barrens I looked at in this area. Explanation of the bedrock geology of the Black Donald and Centennial lakes area: Blue = marble; Yellow = Clastic metasedimentary rocks, which include conglomerate, wacke, quartz arenite, arkose, limestone, siltstone, chert, minor iron formation, minor metavolcanic rocks; Pink = Felsic plutonic rock, which includes granodiorite, tonalite, monzogranite, syenogranite and derived gneisses and migmatites. Dark green = Mafic to ultramafic plutonic rocks, which includes diorite, gabbro, peridotite, pyroxenite, anorthosite, derived metamorphic rocks. Light green = Mafic to felsic metavolcanic rocks, which includes flows, tuffs, breccias, minor iron formation, minor metasedimentary rocks, reworked pyroclastic units, amphibolite. While this is a bit of a mouthfull for the non-geologist, the key rock type is the marble, which is coloured blue on this bedrock geology map. Map created using the bedrock geology theme in OGSEarth (https://www.mndm.gov.on.ca/en/mines-and-minerals/applications/ogsearth/bedrock-geology). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1629546813401-LIDE1Q25OM4I9WXYGDMP/IMGP1170_geology_disaggregated+marble+Centennial+Lake+Nature+Reserve+ON+July2121+ss_Andy+Fyon.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 8: Marble that is being disaggregated into pieces and individual calcite crystals. The individual crystals have a grain size up to 1 cm across. Image composed in Centennial Lake Provincial Nature Reserve, Ontario. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, July 21, 2021. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1629547156249-SP2NWDE97T19J3RUUTSL/PXL_20210728_143433695_marble+barrens+Centennial+Lake+provincial+Park+ON+July2821_SS_andy+Fyon.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Photo 9: A typical marble barrens, looking south west. Black Donald Creek occupies the valley wetland. Grey surface-coloured marble is exposed in places. Vegetated thin soil covers much of the gently sloping marble barrens. The southerly sloping area becomes hot during the summer. Photo composed in Centennial Lake Provincial Nature Reserve, Ontario. Photo by Andy Fyon, July 21, 2021. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1629573556361-NCIA5US374PUBS22EF1E/marble+barrens+drone+Tipperary+Hunt+Club+area+July2821_SS_Andy+Fyon_2.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Photo 10: Typical marble barrens located west and south of the Tipperary Hunt Club cabin, located along the Tipperary Hunt Club trail, southwest of Black Donald Creek. Marble rock is partly exposed in this clearing. Shallow soil supports various types of plants. Mixed forest trees exist where the soil is deeper. Image composed by Andy Fyon, July 28, 2021. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1630247471586-EI61CB4P8NW3I69NQBJ2/Photo+1_Fraserdale+and+Abitibi+Canyon+Google+Earth+location+On+Aug1021_SS+Andy+Fyon.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Photo 1: This Google Earth map gives you a geographic context for the Fraserdale - Abitibi Canyon area, Ontario, Canada. Fraserdale is located about 130 kilometres (81 mi) north of Timmins, about 160 km (100 mi) south of James Bay. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1630247084921-9B9LJSYW9FG8U195FHWU/Photo+1_IMGP2637_looking+south+whistle+stop+Fraserdale+ON+Aug1021_SS_Andy+Fyon.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 2: Fraserdale is a whistle stop along the Ontario Northland railroad and a jumping-off place for wilderness canoe trips along the great northern rivers to Moosonee, on James Bay. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, Aug. 10/21. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1630250682191-2RQJU0NDF0AL5VH8WFG5/Photo+3+IMGP2704_geology_calcareous+pebbles+in+glacial+deposit+northeast+of+Fraserdale+ON+Aug1021_SS+Andy+Fyon.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 3: Light- and dark-coloured pebbles occur in this deposit. Each different colour reflects a different bedrock rock type that the glacier scrapped over. About 60-80% of the pebbles are light coloured. They were plucked from the “young”, 550 to 360 million-year-old limestone and dolostone rocks that occur as an apron beneath, and on the south side of, Hudson Bay and beneath, and on the east side of, James Bay. These are Hudson and James bay lowland rocks. Some of the dark coloured pebbles also appear to be lowland rocks, but a smaller percentage of the dark rocks may have come from the old Canadian Shield rocks that are older than 2,500 million years in age. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1630267642033-GM2TSIMAYDJS113Q2Y8L/Photo+4+IMGP2704_geology_calcareous+pebbles+in+glacial+deposit+northeast+of+Fraserdale+ON+Aug1021_FB2+SS+Andy+Fyon.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 4: Most pebbles in this glacial drift have a smooth, curved surface. Some pebbles are round. Others pebbles are elliptical or egg shaped. The smoothness and the the shape of the surface of the rock pieces is an indication that the rock fragments were moved by water flowing in a river. Photo composed in Fraserdale by Andy Fyon, Aug. 10/21. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/9494d733-80f9-4cb1-bd3d-2b636f4e7e3d/P1050703_landscape_prairie_road_Gasslands_National_Park_val_marie_SK_July2511_fb_ss+Andy+Fyon.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 1: Parts of Saskatchewan are definitely flat, as illustrated by this view across the grassland prairies in Gasslands National Park, near Val Marie, southeastern Saskatchewan. Photo by Andy Fyon, July 25/11. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/46afa3ac-0fa3-49fc-8775-4027b5122b33/Trans+Hudson+Orogeny+encyclopedia+of+Saskatchewan+web+Dec2321_ss_fb.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Photo 2: The generalized area of surface rock affected and created during the Trans Hudson Orogeny, with an emphasis on the northern extent. Image from: Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/06e57378-4d99-4a83-8644-0ec807de4aa6/_IMG4610_farm_buildings_Avonlea_farm_area_saskatchewan_June1112_FF_SS+Andy+Fyon.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 3: Another illustration of the flat prairie landscape in southern Saskatchewan, where tall mountains once stood 1.5 billion yeares ago. Photo by Andy Fyon, near Avonlea, Saskatchewan, June 11, 2012. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1e03a1d7-f614-417b-b6d1-7ec7a514b3f0/Photo+1_Hawaii_hotspot_cross-sectional_diagram_wikipedia.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Photo 1: A cartoon that illustrates a mantle plume and related hotspot that rises from the edge of the Earth’s core to the Earth’s surface. The plume-associated igneous rocks are basalt that form the Hawaiian islands. Note that the ocean islands get older to the left, or northwest, because the Pacific plate is moving in a northwesterly direction, carrying the islands away from the hotspot melting. Image from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_hotspot https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/60449fd3-88cd-44c0-b2ca-44456f937b36/Photo+2+Great+meteor+hotspot+Dec2821_Fb.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Photo 2: The trail of plume-related igneous rock created by the Great Meteor Hotspot, also known as the New England Hotspot, is shown by the red dots. The numbers are the ages of the hotspot-created igneous rock. The oldest rock is the Churchill kimberlite field, located west of Rankin Inlet, which are 225 to 170 million years in age. Moving towards the south and east, we encounter: a) 180 - 174 million year old kimberlites in the James Bay Lowlands; b) 165 to 126 million year old kimberlites in the Temiskaming area of Ontario and Quebec; c) 125 million year old intrusions of the Monteregian Hills, in southern Quebec; d) 124-100 million year old White Mountain in New Hampshire; e) 100 million year old Bear seamount at the western end of the New England seamount chain, Atlantic Ocean; f) 83 million year old Nashville seamount at the eastern end of the New England seamount chain, Atlantic Ocean; and g) the 17 - 11 million year old Great Meteor Seamount, located off the west coast of Africa. Today, the Great Meteor Hotspot and plume is located beneath West Africa. The trail of plume-related igneous rock was created as the plate moved westerly, over the stationary Great Meteor Hotspot. Image: Dates from published literature placed on a Google earth image. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/44d8e57d-5f8c-4b23-8c7a-ac6e37fd8d93/P1180926_MNDM_gold_Croesus_Mine_royal_ontario_museum_Oct2313_fb2+Andy+Fyon.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 1: A spectacular sample of gold, entwined with the white mineral called quartz. The sample comes from the Croesus Mine, Munro Township, Ontario. The sample is on long-term loan to the Royal Ontario Museum, from the Ontario Geological Survey. Photographed by Andy Fyon, Oct 23/13. [note added in humour: on the label for this sample, under the heading quality, is the descriptive text "killer". I assume that means this is a pretty good sample. ] https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/038b5f3c-ef1d-4233-94c9-2f913d01bbc8/Photo+2+Drainage+flow+Ten+mile+road+alkali+flat+Google+Earth+Oct2321_resize.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Photo 2: https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/221f6f14-12cd-410f-9a16-ebe7ea48d99a/Photo+3+coniferous+island+on+ten+mile+alkali+flat.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Photo 3: The red arrow points to one of several coniferous “islands” that occur on the alkali flat. These forested islands areas appear to stand slightly higher compared to the adjacent white substrate. Photo by Andy Fyon, July 22, 2019. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/7c41e23e-4029-4651-a1a3-9e793d379954/Photo+4+transition+from+boreal+forest+to+ten+mile+alkali+flat.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Photo 4: Transition from boreal forest, to moist meadow or fen, to white-coloured alkali flat. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/25f1bb58-2594-4504-895c-a179dcbf5cb7/1+IMGP3026_geology_Almandine+garnet+magnetite+south+beach+Rondeau+Provincial+Park+ON+Sept2322_Andy+Fyon.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 1: A concentration of red sand consisting mostly of heavy red mineral called almandine garnet. The red garnet is accompanied by a small amount of black mineral called magnetite. The red garnet and black magnetite were likely derived from 2 to 3 billion year old Canadian Shield bedrock during the last ice age and trapped in a deposit of glacial till. Erosion, washing, and sorting of the minerals in the glacial till by the action of wind, waves, and water currents removed the fine and less heavy minerals and concentrated the heavy red garnet and black magnetite. Red and black sand is common across Ontario, Canada. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, on the east beach, Rondeau Provincial Park, Lake Erie, Ontario, Canada, Sept 23/22. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/5f470709-8b2c-4078-8a84-f1692a7d6e0d/2_DSCN4177_geology_Almandine+garnet+magnetite+south+beach+Rondeau+Provincial+Park+ON+Sept2322_Libby_Andy+Fyon.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 2: Detailed photo of the grains of coloured sand from the beach at Rondeau Provincial Park, Lake Erie, Ontario, Canada. The black mineral grains are magnetite. The red and pink coloured, glassy mineral grains are red almandine garnet. Clear to milky coloured quartz grains and a few other minerals also occur. Photo composed by Libby Fyon, on the east beach, Rondeau Provincial Park, Lake Erie, Ontario, Canada, Sept 23/22. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/ce517a89-7e97-4a41-ac47-ac8613c044da/3_IMGP3029_geology_Almandine+garnet+magnetite+south+beach+Rondeau+Provincial+Park+ON+Sept2322_Andy+Fyon.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 3: Layers of black magnetite and red garnet on the east beach, Rondeau Provincial Park, Lake Erie, Ontario, Canada. The layers are called beds and they represent the surface where the mineral grains were deposited. This is a thicker layer of magnetite and garnet. It may represent a single storm event when powerful storm waves removed almost all of the tan-coloured sand grains, leaving a thicker concentration of red garnet and black magnetite. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, on the east beach, Rondeau Provincial Park, Lake Erie, Ontario, Canada, Sept 23/22. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/87d7687c-ce99-42d7-a2f1-b5c46663c1cd/Photo+1+muddy+water+Pic+River+ON+Google+Earth+Nov0622.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Photo 1: A Google Earth composite satellite image that shows the brown-coloured Pic River and the dark blue-coloured Lake Superior water body. The brown colour of the Pic River is caused by suspended clay and silt minerals that were eroded by the river as it passed through the watershed. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/938b55b9-6fd8-461d-90dc-24ad81f42702/Photo+2+mixed+lake+superior+and+Pic+River+water+Pukaskwa+National+Park+Andy+Fyon+June0822_SS_FB.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Photo 2: The brown-coloured water body in the foreground comes from the Pic River (PRW arrow) The brown coloured water reflects the clay and slit minerals that are suspended and transported by the Pic River. The blue-coloured water in the distance is clear, Lake Superior water (LSW arrow). A light brown coloured water transition between the blue and darker brown water bodies likely marks the mixing between the clear Lake Superior water and the brown-coloured, sediment suspended Pic River water body (Mixing arrow). Photo composed by Andy Fyon, near the mouth of the Pic River, seen from Pukaskwa National Park, Ontario, Canada, June 8/22. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/282cc0ea-4bcd-42ab-8f60-dda2da243a8d/Photo+3+mixed+lake+superior+and+Pic+River+water+Pukaskwa+National+Park+Andy+Fyon+June0822_a.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Photo 3: The boundary between the brown-coloured Pic River water body ((PRW arrow) and the clear Lake Superior water body (LSW) is distinct, due to the colour difference. A narrow possible mixing or dilution zone (Mixing arrow) occurs along the boundary between the two water bodies. Photo composed Andy Fyon, from Pukaskwa National Park, Ontario, Canada, June 8/22. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/931058a6-bd8d-4103-8e18-94003e54fd06/Photo+1+traveler+Selkirk+Provincial+Park+ON+Sept1822.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Photo 1: Two boulders on the beach, Selkirk Provincial Park. The boulder on the left, labeled “LS”, is 385 million year old limestone, which is likely derived from the local bedrock (Onondaga Formation). The boulder on the right is 1 billion year old Precambrian gneiss, labelled “GN”, which is likely derived from the Grenville geological province, located 320 kilometers (200 miles), or more, to the north. During the Wisconsin glaciation, an ice sheet transported the Precambrian gneiss to this general area during the last ice age. The Precambrian gneiss is a long-distance traveler. Photo source: Andy Fyon, Lake Erie beach, Selkirk Provincial Park, September 19, 2022. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/ce05eb6c-cfc6-4272-8727-99caccbee307/Photo+1+IMGP1814_geology+glacial+water+vortex+S-forms+limestone+beach_Selkirk+Provincial+Park+ON+Sept1722_Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 1: Comma-shaped sculptured erosional form, also known as s-form, that was carved into the limestone bedrock, during the last ice age, by super high pressure water vortexes at the base of the ice sheet. Image: Andy Fyon, Lake Erie limestone shelf, Selkirk Provincial Park, Ontario, September 17, 2022. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/ede6e659-f5d4-4be3-8e2d-165f3671b717/Photo+2+IMGP1821_geology+glacial+water+vortex+S-forms+comma+linear+troughs+limestone+beach_Selkirk+Provincial+Park+ON+Sept1722_Andy+Fyon+ss.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 2: Comma-shaped sculptured erosional forms, also known as s-form, that were carved into the limestone bedrock, during the last ice age, by super high pressure water vortexes at the base of the ice sheet. Linear s-form troughs are also visible in the image, attached to the comma s-forms. Image: Andy Fyon, Lake Erie limestone shelf, Selkirk Provincial Park, Ontario, September 17, 2022. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/0836f275-af76-42f4-a268-bff855f4723a/Photo+3+PXL_20220917_181116343_geology+glacial+groves++Muschelbriiche_limestone+beach+Selkirk+Provincial+Park+ON+Sept1722_Andy+Fyon+SS.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Photo 3: Numerous mussel- or divot-shaped sculptured erosional forms, also known as Muschelbriiche s-forms, were carved into the limestone bedrock, during the last ice age, by super high pressure water vortexes at the base of the ice sheet. Faint linear s-form troughs are also visible in the image. Image: Andy Fyon, Lake Erie limestone shelf, Selkirk Provincial Park, Ontario, September 17, 2022. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/95f615a7-cec8-4ae9-a5b2-158e1b22571e/Photo+4+geology+glacial+groves++Muschelbriiche_limestone+beach+Selkirk+Provincial+Park+ON+Sept1722_Andy+Fyon+SS.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Photo 4: Numerous mussel- or divot-shaped sculptured erosional forms known as Muschelbriiche s-forms were carved into the limestone bedrock, during the last ice age, by super high pressure water vortexes at the base of the ice sheet. My finger points to two Muschelbriiche s-forms features. Image: Andy Fyon, Lake Erie limestone shelf, Selkirk Provincial Park, Ontario, September 17, 2022. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/e797a3ed-5c21-4704-baff-ce2077c38b6f/Photo+5+IMGP1821_geology+glacial+water+vortex+S-forms+comma+linear+troughs+limestone+beach_Selkirk+Provincial+Park+ON+Sept1722_Andy+Fyon+ss2.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 5: Numerous linear trough-shaped sculptured erosional forms, also known as s-forms, were carved into the limestone bedrock, during the last ice age, by super high pressure water vortexes at the base of the ice sheet. Image: Andy Fyon, Lake Erie limestone shelf, Selkirk Provincial Park, Ontario, September 17, 2022. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/e7e21238-5255-4ed3-929f-f6fc05991720/Photo+6+PXL_20220917_181020239_geology+glacial+groves+limestone+beach+Selkirk+Provincial+Park+ON+Sept1722_Andy+Fyon+SS.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Photo 6: Numerous linear trough-shaped sculptured erosional forms, also known as s-forms, are spatially associated with mussel- or divot-shaped sculptured Muschelbriiche erosional s-forms. The s-forms were carved into the limestone bedrock, during the last ice age, by super high pressure water vortexes at the base of the ice sheet. Image: Andy Fyon, Lake Erie limestone shelf, Selkirk Provincial Park, Ontario, September 17, 2022. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/f4831f56-1c33-40b3-b96c-3ea78678d0e7/Photo+1+paleoequator+mid+ordovician+Jan2723.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Photo 1: Approximate location of the equator 458 million years ago, during the Ordovician Period. Image from Paleo Map Project. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/b3f10c34-f2ac-401c-bf50-2efda729e2d5/Photo+2+Bahamas+banks+Jan2723_ss.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Photo 2: The shallow, warm sea on the Bahamas Bank may be an analogue for the warm, subtropical, inland sea that covered the land we call Canada during the middle Ordovician. Image from Google Earth. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/f915b907-e68f-4213-9322-5f2a4a00f608/Photo+3+IMG_20190527_191709_geology_Tyndall_dolomitic_limestone_with_nautiloid_fossil_Peace_Chapel_International_Peace_Garden_MB_May2719_fb+Andy+fyon.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Photo 3: Tyndall Stone that contains dark-coloured trace fossils created by burrowing organisms and a nautiloid body fossil, located on the center left side of the lower rock panel. Nautiloids are cephalopods, a type of mollusk, that are related to modern squid, octopus, cuttlefish, and nautilus. Photo composed at the Peace Chapel, International Peace Garden, located along the border between Manitoba and North Dakota. Image composed by Andy Fyon, May 27/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/57ed4c81-ac2a-4c26-a503-4db478aa6800/Photo+4+P1060751_single+Receptaculites+calcareous+algae+and+burrow+traces+Tyndall+dolomitic+limestone+Ordovician+Parliament+building+Winnipeg+MB+Aug0111_ss+Andy+Fyon.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 4: Tyndall Stone located on the grounds of the Manitoba legislature building. The dark coloured zones are trace fossils created by burrowing organisms. On the centre-left, along the vertical line between two rock slabs, is a single Receptaculites fossil. The organism represented by the Receptaculites fossil is uncertain. Some consider it to be a calcareous green algae. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, Aug 1/11. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/397202b5-222e-4b26-b8f6-99f1d37c9aa7/Photo+5+P1060752_single+Receptaculites+calcareous+algae+and+burrow+traces+Tyndall+dolomitic+limestone+Ordovician+Parliament+building+Winnipeg+MB+Aug0111_ss+Andy+Fyon.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 5: A single body fossil, possibly Receptaculites preserved in Tyndall Stone. Although debated, some consider this organism to be a calcareous green algae. The dark coloured zones are trace fossils created by burrowing organisms. This Tyndall Stone slab is located on the grounds of the Manitoba Legislature, in Winnipeg, Canada. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, Aug. 1/11. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/381d7243-1dbc-4f3e-82ff-1d3eb7705acc/1a_IMGP8734_geology_alkaline_salt_flats_Willow_Bunch_Lake_SK_May2919+RRR+Fyon.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Figure 1: An example of saline lake that is surrounded by a white-coloured sodium sulphate salt precipitate, Willow Bunch Lake, Saskatchewan. Photo by Andy Fyon, May 29/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/c83b208e-a5ec-436f-8851-05de025aec48/Lake+Superior+at+Noisy+Cove%2C+near+Wawa%2C+May2023.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Figure 2: Lake Superior is an example of a large freshwater lake. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, May 20/23. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/47009fab-3457-42c6-8d5b-1f9eefd4a854/2b_P1210928_scenic_landscape_boreal_forest_flight_fort_hope_to_thunder_bay_april1714+RRR.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Figure 3: Photo of many frozen fresh water lakes that exist on the Canadian Shield, Ontario, Canada. Photo by Andy Fyon April 17, 2014. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/b95c2457-0d65-47bd-9aed-a1c9162f6320/2c+salt+lakes+red+arrow+saskatchewan+Google+Earth+Nov1323.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Figure 4: The red arrows point to a few of the many saline lakes that occur in southern Saskatchewan. Image base is from Google Earth, November 13, 2023. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/95d47667-cf45-480a-bbe9-760ed1c06efb/2d_salt+lakes+prairies+RRR.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Figure 5: The distribution of saline lakes across the Canadian prairies is illustrated using black dots. Image modified from: https://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~mlast/publications/page10/assets/1992ijslrChem.pdf https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/add90942-49a1-4b64-9925-a9df998572b2/2dd_great+northern+plains+of+canada+RRR.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Figure 6: The yellow area represents the general distribution of the Great Northern Plains of Canada. Image after https://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~mlast/lakelevel/page3/page3.html https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/bee6bb9a-a024-4468-b673-ee38868f0b31/2e+Reed+Chaplin+Chaplin+Old+Wives+lakes.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Figure 7: Reed Lake, Chaplin Lake and Old Wives Lake, Saskatchewan, are saline lakes. They are are visible on this Google Earth satelite images because of their white-coloured lake bottom and apron. The white material is a sodium sulphate salt precipitate. Image: Google Earth, November 2023. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/cba9f1af-a9ee-4529-9ce9-49f9cb79a47a/Fig+8+Chaplin+Lake+beside+trans+canada+highway+Chaplin+SK+Aug1319.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Figure 8: Saline Chaplin Lake, beside the Trans-Canada Highway, near Chapling, Saskatchewan. The white-coloured salt deposits mark the edge of the lake. Image by: Andy Fyon, Auguat 13, 2019. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/db2d2d58-734d-4d13-9c5a-df89493f0195/Fig+9+lake+manitoba+MB.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Figure 9: The red arrow points to Canada’s largest saline lake, which is Lake Manitoba, located in the province of Manitoba. Base image is modified after: https://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~mlast/publications/page10/assets/1992ijslrChem.pdf https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/b8a7c8cb-e37d-4476-b8f4-465989274acd/2i_IMGP8754_alkaline_flats_salt_flats_Willow_Bunch_Lake_SK_May2919+RRR.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Figure 10: Detail of sodium sulphate salt precipitate that is exposed on the dry lake bottom near Willow Bunch, Saskatchewan. This dried salt forms a salt flat or salt apron around the dry lake. Image by Andy Fyon, May 29, 2019. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/5ee60c3f-d360-485f-8bdb-667f4ef2fc8e/Fig+11+Big+Manitou+Lake+spring+May+23.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Figure 11: Big Manitou Lake, which is saline, in spring. It looks like any other lake. Image by Andy Fyon, May 2023. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/fccd6d81-fa5b-45a8-ab3c-accaf7454dc7/2k_IMGP4984+geology+salt+precipitate+on+shore+of+Big+Manitou+Lake+Big+Manitou+Regional+Park+SK+May2723+RRR.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Figure 12: The tell-tale white salt precipitate along the edge of Big Manitou Lake, Saskatchewan, is the sign that this is a saline lake. Image by Andy Fyon May 27, 2023. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/163fe50d-b318-405f-9e2c-67ba47dd78d1/2l_IMGP2308_geology_Western_Glasswort_Salicornia_rubra_red_alkali_flat_Chaplin_Lake_south_of_Chaplin_Saskatchewan_Aug1319+RRR.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Figure 13: Sodium sulphate salts also precipitate on low-lying land and against fence posts. The base of the fence post wicks up the saline water, which evaporates to precipitate the sale. The red plant is a halophyte plant species named Salicornia rubra, or informattl knows as red glasswort. Image by Andy Fyon, south of Chalpin, Saskatchewan, August 13, 2019. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/a3cdce67-1134-4e88-a483-a3322b255b9a/Greater+Sudbury-20111109-00179_elisabeth_kosters_shatter_cone_ramsey_lake_road_sudbury_Nov0911+Fb.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/09cd4e7b-9c4c-4d7e-96f8-fbc96937d447/P1000580_geology_shatter_cone_ramsey_lake_road_sudbury_April0211+SS.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 2: Shatter cones developed in quartzite, along Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, April 2, 2011. Image by Andy Fyon. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/548d7933-4725-47fb-a0fb-22751f5de806/sudbury_structure+srtm_2000.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Photo 3: This image comes from the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on Landsat 8. It shows the oval geometry of the Sudbury Basin in southeastern Ontario, Canada, on September 11, 2020. The colours reflect the elevation of the land in the area (https://landsat.visibleearth.nasa.gov/view.php?id=148844). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/77622a92-910a-4ae2-a4d6-978f36a57235/P1000580_geology_shatter_cone_ramsey_lake_road_sudbury_April0211_facebook_ogs_fb2.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Shatter cones exposed along Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, April 2, 2011. Image by Andy Fyon. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/cd6010b9-8414-4f8f-bf0e-32bf423301c3/five+great+extinctions+Oct3125+small.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Table 1: A very simplified summary of great extinctions that affected life on Earth over the most recent 450 million years of Earth history. Some sources of information: 1) Late-Ordovician Extinction; 2) Late Devonian Extinction; 3) End-Permian Extinction, also known as The Great Dying, and the Guadalupian Extinction; 4) End-Triassic Extinction; 5) End-Cretaceous Extinction. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/134793d5-f7f7-4766-8d8f-3c922c1229c9/IMGP8499+Harvest+moon+Tiverton+Nepean+ON+Oct0625+fb.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 1: A photo of the harvest moon showing the light and dark areas that characterize the face of the moon. Composed in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, on October 6/25. Image by Andy Fyon. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/33f520f7-355d-4ccc-95fb-8d6006d43809/IMGP1124_info_sign_warning_rattle_snale_cactus_scorpion_black_widow_spider_Dinosaur_Provincial_Park_AB_Aug0819+SS.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 1: An extract of a sign posted at a trail head in Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada, warning visitors of a few of the exciting wildlife encounters that may be experienced! Despite the warnings, I have never encountered a rattlesnale, northern scorpion, or black widow spider in any western Canadian badland. But, I am cautious and always mindful that I am a visitor in their habit. Image by: Andy Fyon, Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada, Aug. 8, 2019. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/f68311e5-1ce6-4e9b-ae85-34e3403e3dec/Photo+1+IMG3027_geology_hoodoos_southeast_drumheller_Alberta_June2214+RRR.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 2: One of the iconic Willow Creek hoodoos, located near Drumheller, showing the classic form of a harder cap sandstone that offers some protection to the softer and more easily eroded column. Location: Willow Creek area, in the Red Deer River valley, near Rosedale, Alberta, June 22/14. Image by Andy Fyon. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/e7d173cb-e10e-48c5-a84f-ecf009700d5e/Photo+2+IMGP2122+Adrien+Brayden+badlands+hoodoos+Red+Deer+River+valley+Rosedeer+AB+Aug1123+RRR+Fb.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 3: Our grandsons (left: Adrien Fyon; right: Brayden Fyon) in front of the very well developed Willow Creek Hoodoos, a popular and excellent location for tourists to become familiar with hoodoos on the badlands. Location: Willow Creek area, in the Red Deer River valley, near Rosedale, Alberta, Aug 11/23. Image by Andy Fyon. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/071a27d1-8883-4d4d-b194-ad7915647781/Photo+3+IMGP8781_libby_geology_Hoodoos_Trail_Red_Deer_Valley_Alberta_May3019+Fb.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 4: Hoodoos occur in all sizes. These ones are about the size of a human. Location: Hoodoos Trail, Red Deer River valley, Alberta, Canada, May 30/19. Image by Andy Fyon. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/a234784b-6de5-41f0-9b22-2181f9d68531/Photo+4+P1090284_geology_crossbedding_avonlea_badlands_saskatchewan_June1112+RRR.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 5: To a geologist, the layers in this harder sandstone cap on top of an emerging hoodoo represent preserved ancient beds of sandy material. The angular shape of the beds, in a bigger context, are called cross-bedding and formed by deposition from an ancient river 70 million years ago! Location: Avonlea badlands, Saskatchewan, Canada, June 11/12. Image by Andy Fyon. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/d329afc8-e98c-4074-a851-09ccf90441af/Photo+5+IMGP1311_geology_hoodoo_cat_face_badlands_Dinosaur_Provincial_Park_AB_Aug0919+Fb.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 6: The origin of the word hoodoo is attributed to First Nations who saw these geological features as something scary or that inspires fear (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoodoo_(geology)). To my eye, the shape of this hoodoo resembles the bust of an animal, with its ears back and eyes squinted, ready to take action. Location: badlands in Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada, Aug. 9/19. Image by Andy Fyon. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/840cacb5-3b66-4123-af82-52c79c11ce98/Horsethief+Canyon+Drumheller+AB+Aug1123+SS.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Photo 1: The coloured sedimentary rocks of the Horsethief Canyon, near Drumheller, Alberta, Canada, illustrate the dramatic badland landscape. Image by Andy Fyon, August 11, 2023. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/8027f163-280c-4a16-a469-f195e7d0ad8c/_IMG4940_geology_badlands_Big_Muddy_Castle_Butte_SK_June1412+Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 2: The Castle Butte geological feature located in the Big Muddy badlands, southern Saskatchewan, Canada. Photo by Andy Fyon, June 14, 2012. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/0ea076d7-6b70-4e93-97e8-b541d1c99afc/Photo+3+IMG3027_geology_hoodoos_southeast_drumheller_Alberta_June2214+RRR.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 3: Hoodoo geological features at Willow Creek area, southeast of Drumheller, Alberta, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, June 22, 2014. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/f28bb0f4-a031-4462-8f72-590a0c2069c3/Photo+5+IMG5024_geology_erosion+rills_castle_butte_saskatchewan_June1412.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Photo 4: Erosion rills, or mini-gullies, are common in badland canyons and are created by runoff from modern-day prairie thunderstorms. Location: Castle Butte, Saskatchewan, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, June 14, 2012. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/91c91ee2-b0b8-4eff-85db-8e499d9322b0/Photo+4+Horsethief+Canyon+and+Red+Deer+River+widths+Jan2126+Andy+Fyon+SS.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Photo 5: The Horsethief Canyon badland near Drumheller, Alberta, Canada, was carved out by torrential meltwater river flow at the end of the most recent ice age, about 17,000 years ago. The canyon width is about 3 km (2 mi), whereas the width of the present-day Red River is only about 0.2 km (0.1 mi). The modern Red Deer River is called an underfit or misfit river because it does not carry enough water to carve out the Horsethief Canyon. Image: Google Earth. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/6c4865d7-9f39-4634-a514-d2fa28225f04/Photo+6+IMGP1636_geology_badlands_landscape_Dinosaur_Provincial_Park_AB_Aug1019+Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 6: When standing on the ground, we don’t see and don’t appreciate the many layers of rock that lie hidden beneath our feet. It is not until we see the badland canyon walls that we appreciate the complex variety of different rock types that lie hidden beneath our feet. Location: Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, August 10, 2019. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/0871ecac-592b-434f-8395-433948c3446f/Photo+7+IMGP1171_geology_Popcorn_Rock_Dinosaur_Provincial_Park_AB_Aug0819+Andy+Fyon+SS2.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 7: The popcorn surface texture of clay-rich mudstone or volcanic ash is a warning to avoid this material when wet. It can get really slippery! Location: Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, August 8, 2019. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/f1b931cf-df8e-483e-85db-7db5e61bc6df/Photo+8+IMGP2084+geology+popcorn+clay+badlands+Rosedeer+AB+Aug1123+Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 8: A close-up image of the popcorn surface texture of clay-rich mudstone or volcanic ash rock types. Location: The badlands near Rosedeer, Alberta, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, August 11, 2023. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/eb842dd6-24df-49c6-b24c-b77bfa23b2b9/Photo+9+IMGP2270_geology_wet+organic+mud+on+boots+calcareous+tufa+seep+Paris+ON+Sept2122+Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 9: Wet clay can create hazardous hiking conditions because the very slippery clay clings to boots. Image by Andy Fyon, September 21, 2022. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1dae6c92-eb40-49d7-b6e4-7a41acf44b03/Photo+M+IMG3112_geology_coal_clay_Star_Mine_Suspension_Bridge_Rosedale_Alberta_June2214+Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 10: A black bed of coal lies between two white sandstone beds. Location: Star Coal Mine, near Rosedale, Alberta, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, June 22, 2014. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/d0b94350-8dfa-44f2-8712-c7b5354055b8/Photo+MM+_IMG3121_Andy+Fyon+badland+butte+top_coal_Star_Mine_Suspension_Bridge_Rosedale_AB_June2214+Andy+Fyon+SS2.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 11: In some badlands, multiple layers of black coal beds occur. I am standing at the top of a badland butte located near the historic Star Coal Mine, near Rosedale, Alberta, Canada. Image by Elizabeth Fyon, June 22, 2014. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/6d9716c5-0c5f-4a76-a123-cb383dda45ee/Photo+12+IMG5005+geology+erosion+rills+sandstone+cross+bedding+Castle+Butte+SK+June1412+Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 12: Light-coloured sandstone showing ghost-like or wispy inclined bedding is called cross-bedding. Location: Castle Butte, Big Muddy badland, Saskatchewan, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, June 14, 2012. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/51808c70-0a8f-40f6-bee8-853dbcf03f19/Photo+13+cross+bedding+badlands+Andy+Fyon+SS.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Photo 13: The left and right images show the same sandstone rock. On the right, I have drawn red lines to highlight the traces of the horizontal and inclined cross-bedding to make it easier to see the cross-bedding. Erosion rills, marked by the vertical mini-gullies, cut down through the face of the exposure. Location: Castle Butte, Big Muddy badlands, Saskatchewan, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, June 14, 2012. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/4325b18e-8d71-4691-88db-e3ccc1725335/Photo+14+_IMG4950+geology+cross+beded+sandstone+Castle+Butte+Big+Muddy+badland+SK+June1412+Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 14: Cross-bedding developed in sandstone. The material is brown, which indicates the presence of a weathered, rusty, iron oxide mineral. Location: Castle Butte, Big Muddy badlands, Saskatchewan, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, June 14, 2012. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/57f4e611-7cac-40b9-bfb8-a4d7c838d351/Photo+14+IMGP1208_geology_badlands_landscape_iron_concretions_Dinosaur_Provincial_Park_AB_Aug0819+Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 15: Ironstone gets its orange-brown colour from the chemical weathering and rusting of iron minerals in rocks inter-layered with sandstone and mudstone. When soft sandstone and mudstone beds erode away, ironstone layers break up into pieces and accumulate at the base of hills. The ironstone layers and fragments give the badland landscape its distinctive rusty colour. Location: The badlands in Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, August 8, 2019. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/3ee87db9-2ea8-485e-887a-c442b775ebda/Photo+16+IMGP2155+geology+ironstone+badlands+Horse+Thief+Canyon+Drumheller+AB+Aug1123+Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 16: Pieces of broken ironstone that have accumulated beneath a layer of ironstone. Location: Horsethief Canyon badland, Drumheller, Alberta, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, Aug. 11, 2023. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/4e714a26-21b1-408d-9810-9b667529eb52/Photo+17+IMG_20190809_170018_geology_Corythosaurus_dinosaur_skeleton_fossil_Dinosaur_Provincial_Park_AB_Aug0919+Andy+Fyon+SS.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Photo 17: Fossil remains of a Corythosaurus dinosaur on display in Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, August 9, 2019. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/221cee77-02d6-4a05-9bb0-62c7562e2edf/Photo+18+P1160882_three_toe_dinosaur_track_Tumbler_Ridge_BC_July0913+Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 18: One of many dinosaur tracks preserved along Flatbed Creek, Tumbler Ridge, British Columbia, Canada. The three-toed fossil print was left by a theropod dinosaur that walked over a mudflat about 100 million to 94 million years ago. Location: Cabin Pool, Flatbed Creek, Tumbler Ridge, British Columbia, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, July 9, 2013 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/c8d05a41-eaa8-4c95-a9d2-092fd67fc52c/Photo+19+PXL_20230810_223258997+Brayden+Royal+Tyrrell+Museum+Drumheller+AB+Aug1023+Andy+Fyon+SS.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Photo 19: My grandson (the person in the black shirt and shorts) standing in front of the world famous Royal Tyrrell Museum, located near Drumheller, Alberta, Canada. Image: Andy Fyon August 10, 2023. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/c07eb051-b0e4-4f7e-aab4-95f2acbe2837/Photo+20+IMG4760+geology+butte+Grasslands_National_Park_East_Block_SK_June1212+Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 20: Fabulous big sky and a badland butte in the east block of Grasslands National Park, Saskatchewan, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, June 12, 2012. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/794789b6-611d-4b02-b54c-8e5250402ddd/Photo+22+P1050908_animal_Mule+Deer+Odocoileus+hemionus_roadside_badland_Frenchmans_River_dam_Eastend_SK_July2611+Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 21: A mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) on the edges of a badland near Eastend, Saskatchewan, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, July 26, 2011. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/ec9b1c69-8053-427a-ae78-b191e5443a4e/Photo+21+IMGP1694_animal_Pronghorn+Antilocapra+americana_Highway_741_Estuary_to_Leader_SK_Aug1019+Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 22: A small herd of pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) feeding in a fallow field northwest of Leader, Saskatchewan, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, August 10, 2019. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/4772edab-429f-4a56-add4-1ccb316fd7ce/Photo+23+_IMG4832_bullsnake_Coronach_outlaw_cave_Saskatchewan_June1312+Andy+Fyon+SS.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Photo 23: A bullsnake (Pituophis catenifer ssp. sayi) that was sunning itself on top of a wood beam that secured the entrance to a badland cave, near Coronach, Saskatchewan, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, June 13, 2012. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/a72e9ec5-b79a-4831-a72a-97faf897e0d4/Photo+24+IMG2374_birds_two_American+Avocet+Recurvirostra+americana_alkali_Caplin_Lake_Chaplin_SK_July2711+Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 24: Two American avocets (Recurvirostra americana) feed on brine shrimp and small aquatic animals in an alkali lake. Location: Chaplin Lake, near Chaplin, Saskatchewan, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, July 27, 2011. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/0dadcec6-ab69-4403-b0ac-7b05e87124cb/Photo+25+_IMG4821_Libby_Sam_Kelly_Outlaw_Caves_Coronach_SK_June1312+Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 25: Outlaws carved out or enhanced existing caves in the badlands to hide from the law in the 1800s and early 1900s. Location: Sam Kelly outlaw caves, in the Big Muddy badlands near Coronach, Saskatchewan. Image by Andy Fyon, June 13, 2012 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/15827299-4072-4808-a5db-f6481459a7ee/Photo+20+P1090347_Fragrant+Evening+Primrose+Oenothera+cespitosa_white_Avonlea_badlands_SK_June1112+Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 26: Tufted evening-primrose (Oenothera cespitosa ssp. cespitosa) growing on the Avonlea badlands, Saskatchewan, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, June 11, 2012. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/84b6400e-78f2-4ed9-b08c-7072d066d2a5/Photo+26+Petroglyphs+St+Victor+Petroglyph+Provincial+Park+SK+Andy+Fyon+SS.jpg Topics - Make it stand out Photo 27: One example of the First Nations petroglyphs accompanied by a sign that illustrates and explains the symbols. Location: St Victor Petroglyphs Provincial Park, near St Victor, Saskatchewan. Image on the left composed by Andy Fyon, June 12, 2012. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/fa463fb9-5a68-4967-942f-e365340774ba/P1090460_First+Nation+rock+carvings+sacred+place+culture+St+Victor+Petroglyphs+Provincial+Historic+Park+SK+June1212+Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 28: The vista and sacred site at the cliff top in St Victor Petroglyphs Provincial Park, overlooking the valley carved out by a meltwater river at the end of the last ice age. Location: St Victor Petroglyphs Provincial Historic, south of St Victor, Saskatchewan. Image by Andy Fyon, June 12, 2012. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/380b2f79-68b2-4122-b7c6-f1563372ee76/Photo+28+IMGP1295_geology_hoodoo_woman_cloake_badlands_Dinosaur_Provincial_Park_AB_Aug0819++Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 29: A hoodoo that assumed the form of a woman reflecting in peace about the world around her. Location: badlands of Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, August 8, 2019. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/a81f1e0c-3dee-4cb7-8e17-c2f071a75228/IMGP1124_info_sign_warning_rattle_snale_cactus_scorpion_black_widow_spider_Dinosaur_Provincial_Park_AB_Aug0819+SS.JPG Topics - Make it stand out Photo 30: Although the badlands are really interesting places to visit, be aware that they are home to other animals, some of which should keep you alert to where you walk and especially where you place your hands. Location: Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, August 8, 2019. https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/far-north-friday-reflections daily 0.75 2024-11-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1597536397751-0UPHHTVNZPV7ML53SI9M/IMGP1653_sunset_road_south_thunder_bay_july1706_far_north_book_chopper_o5_part_2_Andy_Fyon.jpg Far North Friday Reflections https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1597536849636-GWIDL91CCGBVU15HDMUG/img156_aircraft_geology_Hughes_500C_Windigo_River_fly_camp_June1976_Far_North_book.jpg Far North Friday Reflections https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1597674622613-7KZBO9UBPQ6Y7WKOUHUP/SBX11+HF_web.jpg Far North Friday Reflections https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1597843932515-28V1420S2I7O7ESPBYXM/Andy_Fyon_inuvik_NT_summer_2007.jpg Far North Friday Reflections 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https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1597537306062-2MVDN4AUSB37FXL5K5U3/img156_aircraft_geology_Hughes_500C_Windigo_River_fly_camp_June1976_Far_North_book.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo of the Hughes 500C, which supported us during the summer geological mapping project. This camp was located in the Windigo River area, Ontario, Canada. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, summer 1976. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1597536287189-AX14LFIQGJ5E49MC7I42/IMGP1653_sunset_road_south_thunder_bay_july1706_far_north_book_chopper_o5_part_2_Andy_Fyon.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Sunset in the Thunder Bay area, July 17, 2006. Photo by Andy Fyon. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1597674962115-D0EK01BOGN0GA1TBOJB0/SBX11+HF_web.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo 1: A typical green SBX-11 two-way radio that was in common use in the mid-1970’s. It was a Canadian invented and made communication radio, manufactured in British Columbia by Spilsbury and Tindall Ltd.. Photo from The Virtual Museum of Police Communications (https://www.qsl.net/zl1cop/Exhibits/SBX11%20HF/SBX11.htm). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1597676463144-TPTQH1TACHND1UNUOCUE/img180_Dave_Frost_installing_SBX11_antennea_in_tree_Fly_camp_Windigo_River_June1976_squarespace.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo 2: One of the job responsibilities of the summer students was to climb a tall tree to attach the end of the antenna for the SBX-11 communication radio. This was summer student “Dave” who “volunteered” to attach the antenna at a geology fly camp, northern Ontario, close to the Windigo River, summer 1976. Photo by Andy Fyon. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1598628713990-I90YTRF6OLGHYJS2O9EY/P1160085_bulldog_bugs_Enterprise_NWT_June3013_Andy+Fyon.JPG Far North Friday Reflections Biting “Bulldog” insects trapped on the inside of a gas station building, Enterprise, Northwest Territories, Canada, June 30/13. Photo by Andy Fyon. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1597843975237-LTKTU0Y1UKJLGZCY2IGN/Andy_Fyon_inuvik_NT_summer_2007.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Andy Fyon wearing my protective bug shirt and white cotton gloves to minimize the impact of the swarms of biting mosquitoes on the tundra, near Inuvik, Northwest Territories, summer 2007. Photo by Elizabeth Ginn. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1597844136842-QN1SOTSTP7UH9VBT01B1/Blackflies+Andy+Fyon+June1103.jpg Far North Friday Reflections In northern Ontario, the black flies appear at about the same time as the trees leaf out. The black flies appear in biting swarms around mid-May in southern and central Ontario and usually the first or second week of June in northern Ontario. One good behaviour of black files is they tendency to go to a window or tent wall or roof when trapped inside a vehicle or tent, respectively. This photo shows black flies that managed to get inside the work truck in the time it took me to quickly open the truck door, jump in, and slam the door closed! Photo by Andy Fyon, June 11, 2007. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1599089959510-NFIH53824I8JIH4RTB2Z/IMGP7188_neskantaga_to_wawakapewin_bamaji_freezing_rain_May1807_Andy_Fyon_squarespace.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Flying between First Nation communities in Ontario’s Far North, we encountered icing conditions. That tiny clear space at the bottom of the windshield was scraped free of ice by the pilot, using his credit card. Image source: Andy Fyon, May 18, 2007. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1599401982417-0MJYUTOUEXVGL0QA8D1L/Community-Auditorium_web.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo 1: The inside of the Thunder Bay Community Auditorium, where I attended a presentation by David Foot, author of Boom, Bust and Echo. I sat on the top right balcony. Image from: https://www.visitthunderbay.com/…/see-and-do/community-audi…; https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1599404591913-CGTP9SLL9GD8L8JPOVTH/img368_airplane_aircraft_Norseman_plane_loading_Pipestone_River_June+1976_Andy_Fyon_fb_squarespace.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Loading the Norseman aircraft in preparation for our flight to a remote area where we would set up a bush tent camp in northwestern Ontario, Canada. This was the summer of 1976. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1599403467714-RP70BT6UJE3ICBUHFRBV/PA250013_Norseman_aircraft_Red_Lake_monument_Oct2507_Book.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo of the mounted Norseman aircraft CF-DRD monument, Red Lake, Ontario - the Norseman Capital of the world. Image by Andy Fyon, Oct. 25, 2007. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1599579783943-6CMGIVBZT9CFANQ8G9E5/img197_sunset_Hill_Lake_Ocy+1976_Andy+Fyon+squarespace.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Sunset over Hill Lake, northwestern Ontario, north west of Savant Lake. Image by Andy Fyon, October, 1976. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1599580335287-APOO701XM9E4OTAXCQRV/img468_geology_snow+storm+Hill+Lake+canoe+Steve+Prior+Oct+1976+Andy+Fyon_squarespace.jpg Far North Friday Reflections We needed to check out a contingency plan. We set out across Hill Lake (northwest of Savant Lake) in the canoe during a snowstorm to assess if we could canoe up a small creek and then hike through the bush to reach a road. It was an interesting experience to canoe in a snowstorm. Safety Note: we did have life jackets, but we sat or kneeled on them. The bad and unsafe practice of not wearing a life jacket would not be tolerated today. Image by Andy Fyon, October 1976. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1599581098871-JBWHRWX2UUZHNT7GNX35/img473_geology+checking+for+emergency+creek+exit+Hill+Lake+before+the+snow+storm+Oct+1976_Andy_Fyon_squarespace.jpg Far North Friday Reflections The creek that we checked out in the afternoon of the snowstorm to see how far we could take the canoe. This was part of our contingency escape plan. Image by Andy Fyon, creek off of Hill Lake, northwestern Ontario, October 1976. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1599578019213-I70ZQAV8V7MLR44FW6M8/95573263_10222059231139514_6342254790117949440_n_far+north+friday+never+enough+cookies+May0120.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Cookies are my comfort food, so I always made sure we had several packages in the food order when we set out to establish, and work out of, a fly-in tent camp. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1599824298701-H6JJYK6TEIW8KJ7H8KZI/img476_geology+bush+camp+Hill+Lake+before+the+snow+storm+Oct+1976_Far+North+Book+Andy+Fyon.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo 1: Our white (more or less) cotton tent nestled among the trees the day before the snow storm. This two-person camp was our base for the geological mapping project in the area. Image by Andy Fyon, Hill Lake, northern Ontario, Oct. 1976. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1599824453542-TRL4AA9N8V45C80BECZG/img364_geology_first_snow_fall_Hill_Lake_1976_far+north+book+Andy+Fyon.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo 2: Our white cotton tent nestled among the trees the day AFTER the snow storm. The combination of white tent + white snow + uncertainty about our exact camp location in the minds of the pilots, meant it was going to be a challenge for the pilots to locate the camp. Image by Andy Fyon, Hill Lake, northern Ontario, Oct. 1976. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1599824953846-DW3XA2MWKN6XIOYJV3JW/img477_geology_bush+camp+Hill+Lake+snow+storm+morning+after+Oct+1976_far+north+book+Andy+Fyon.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo 3: Our white cotton tent nestled among the trees the day AFTER the snow storm. Although it was sunny, the combination of white tent + white snow made it impossible for the pilots to locate the camp. Image by Andy Fyon, Hill Lake, northern Ontario, Oct. 1976. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1599750874753-GTXXNQ506WX1L3GLTR57/PC050095_Bruce_Jacob_Jon_Spence_elder_Josie_Jacob_elder_ananias_Spence_band_office_Webequie_Dec0507_Andy_Fyon_squarespace.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo 1: Having a break in one of our technical meetings. Left to right: Bruce Jacob, Jon Spence, elder Josie Jacob, and elder Ananias Spence, all of Webequie First Nation at the time. The meeting took place in the band office, Webequie. Image composed by Andy Fyon, Dec 5, 2007. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1599751274261-P4XYSFQGVC42D1CVFSE6/P1110024_elder_Josie_ellie_tenona_in_their_home_Webequie_Aug2512_fb_andy+fyon+squarespace.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo 2: We always tried to visit with elder Josie Jacob (Webequie First Nation) in his home when we visited the community. Here, elder Josie stands with his wife, Ellie. Ellie’s sister, Tenona is seated on the left. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, in Webequie, Aug. 25, 2012. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1599751598342-MMAEQL6JY0AYSSF8H0HL/P1100992_elder_Josie_Jacob_Webequie_Aug2312_Andy_Fyon_squarespace.JPG Far North Friday Reflections Photo 3: Elder Josie Jacob (Webequie First Nation) talking about his potato garden. Image composed by Andy Fyon, in Webequie, Aug. 23, 2012. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1599752524422-92443D43Y9XHZPCSFFJ7/P1110108_elder_Josie_Jacob_work_shed_Webequie_Aug2512_andy_fyon_fb.JPG Far North Friday Reflections Photo 4: Elder Josie Jacob (Webequie First nation) shared some of his memories of travel in the area of Winisk Lake (in the background). I sensed some sadness in his voice. Image composed by Andy Fyon, Webequie, Aug. 25, 2012. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1599751811479-8VG3JMSC4H4SY2V22XWB/P1110107_elder_Josie_Jacob_marten_trap_Webequie_Aug2512_fb+Andy+Fyon+squarespace.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo 5: Trapping is an integral part of the lives of First Nation people, and is a Constitutionally protected Aboriginal Right. Many living in the Far North trap seasonally. Elder Josie Jacob (Webequie First Nation) shows us his hand crafted marten traps. Image composed by Andy Fyon, in Webequie, Aug. 25, 2012. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1599749157019-LNWT2TC9KD08ND0YVYCT/IMG_0275_elder_Josie_jacob_making_hunting_snowshoes_Webequie_Oct2007_Andy_Fyon_squarespace.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo 6: Elder Josie Jacob, Webequie First Nation, proudly shows us his hand-crafted snowshoes. Image by Andy Fyon, in Webequie, Oct. 20, 2007. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1599749583596-RGJ4POVRNR547ZJRX9TY/P1330415_Kelly_elder_Josie_Jacob_Webequie_Dec0915_andy_fyon_fb.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo 7: Elder Josie Jacob and his granddaughter joking around in the Josie’s home. We were used to seeing individuals carry out their official role at community meetings, but it was always special to see an individual like elder Josie be himself in his role as Grandfather. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, Webequie, Dec. 9, 2015. (Incidentally, this was my last visit with friends of Webequie First Nation. I retired from my role as Director, Ontario Geological Survey, 22 days later. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1599749444008-BCD1F6LOLMU9SJY11SZP/P1330401_kelly_house_of_elder_Josie_Jacob_Webequie_First_Nation_Dec1015_Andy_Fyon_squarespace.JPG Far North Friday Reflections Photo 8: Granddaughter of elder Josie Jacob (Webequie First Nation) trying out her “fiddle” skills in the Webequie home of elder Josie. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, Dec. 10, 2015. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1601032534616-OP9S0MADRH9NIJBCN91T/img319_plains_Wiebenville_airport_north_Pickle_Lake_May+1977_Far+North+Friday+Andy+Fyon.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo 1: Road side sign announcing Wiebenville - the location of an airstrip located about 90 kilometres north of Pickle Lake, Ontario, Canada. Photo by Andy Fyon, spring 1977. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1601032652627-Y6HHOO8J8167A3NIJI88/Far+North+Book+Wiebenville+bump+Google+Earth+Sept2520+Andy+Fyon.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo 2: Location of the Wiebenville airstrip, northwest Ontario, Canada. Google Earth image, Sept 25/20. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1601032743077-Z0H2B3N44TIJBRA2AFVW/img413_crashed+DC3+Weibenville+Pickle+Lake+May+1977_Far+North+book+Andy+Fyon.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo 3: A damaged C-47 aircraft on the side of the Wiebenville airstrip. If you look carefully, you see another damaged aircraft wing on the centre right of the photo. The C-47 aircraft crashed into trees on the left side of the runway after lift off from Wiebenville Airport.Although the pilots were injured, there were no fatalities (https://www.baaa-acro.com/city/kenora). Photo by Andy Fyon, spring 1977. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1601035464879-WKDE5VZKNDSGQ8QTHTES/Johnny+D.+Charlie+Visitor+Centre+by+Andy+Fyon+June1519.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo 1: The Johnny D. Charlie Visitor Centre, located just east of the Peel River, Northwest Territories (NT), along the Dempster Highway. The information centre provides insights about the historic and modern activities of the Gwich'in Dene First Nation people. Photo by Andy Fyon, June 15, 2019. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1601035610471-NC4TW6QFOYKA2CY2799U/Photo+1+elder+Robert+Alexi_Andy+Fyon_June2607.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo 2: Elder Robert Alexi who staffed the Johnny D. Charlie Visitor Centre, just east of the Peel River, Northwest Territories. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, June 26/07. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1601035690650-C56RK5690ZV409QF2773/Granddaughter+of+Robert+Alexi+June1519+by+Andy+Fyon.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo 3: Grand daughter of elder Robert Alexi. In June, 2019, the granddaughter was the staff person at the Johnny D. Charlie Visitor Centre, just east of the Peel River, Northwest Territories. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, June 15/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1601036456441-Q460OJO06FXFWEOSPXD6/img086_airplane_Cessna_180B_CF-LSB_McVickar_Lake_July1975_Andy_Fyon_fb.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo 1: The arrival of a Cessna 180B (CF-LSB) was always a big event. The flight delivered food and mail to our bush camp. Photo at McVicar Lake, northwestern Ontario, by Andy Fyon, July 1975. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1601036639908-1SWKTBL5P8WFOYOSEPQF/img085_airplane_Cessna_180B_CF-LSB_McVicar_Lake_JUly1975_Andy_Fyon_fb.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo 2: The departure of a Cessna 180B (CF-LSB) was the closure of the plane visit. We always stood on the bush camp dock to watch the plane take off. Photo at McVicar Lake, northwestern Ontario, by Andy Fyon, July 1975. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1601640481404-UB5H5AFGP8C4S8AGU7FS/Cesna_airplane_Andy+Fyon.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo 1: A typical remote bush camp dock that secured the Cessna food plane. Photo composed on McVicar Lake, summer 1975 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1601640531523-AWF19YENWII9TOZ9LYDB/John+Charleton+Canon+Lake+summer+1976.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo 2: John Charleton standing on a remote bush camp dock was used to secure the planes and boats, kept the aircraft floats from rubbing on rocks along the shore, the platform to watch sunsets, to fish from, to get away from shore to fill the camp water bucket, and the bathing platform when the water was too cold swim. Photo composed summer 1976, Cannon Lake, northwestern Ontario. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1601822756437-S0AYY5YZPTAHLUB0KNG0/_IMG5527_animal_black_bear_killarney_highway_June0610_fb.JPG Far North Friday Reflections Photo 1: A small black bear seen in the Killarney Provincial Park area, south of Sudbury, Ontario. Image by Andy Fyon, June 6, 2010. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1601822442417-QSPY66B9J4R30ZHRQ5JN/img387_Andy_Fyon_Steve_Peewee_landing_at_Laketon_BC_summer+1972_FB.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo 2: A typical start to a day in the Dease Lake of British Columbia. The weapon of choice for this crew was the long gun, leaning against the canoe. I am the person wearing the yellow hat. The person wearing the blue T-shirt was named Steve and the person wearing the brown shirt was named Ray. I am not certain who composed this photo, but it may have been Jim Hoover, Dease Lake area, British Columbia, summer 1972. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1601823681642-L1LD9SCMDKPGZHQBRAWV/_IMG1593_American+Black_Bear_Ursus+americanus_ALCAN_Highway_Watson_Lake_To_Liard_Hotsprings_BC_July2108_Andy+Fyon.JPG Far North Friday Reflections Photo 3: Some signs of a predatory bear that was protecting its food - a dead moose. Note the position of the bear’s head - down; ears back; eyes mostly closed; walking in a broad arc around you as it sizes you up, but watching out of the corner of its eye. Image by Andy Fyon, July 12, 2008 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1603294967848-9MT3JVJIIE6FK0OKDZBA/Bob_writt.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo 1: Bob in the evening light in his 12x14 cotton tent. This was at a geology bush camp, on Cree Lake, Ontario, in summer of 1976. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1605875105734-ENLUK60KHR5K9NZEYKTQ/Photo+1_img456_geology+bush+camp+Kennilworth+Mine+Timmins+summer+1978_adj_fnb_Andy_Fyon.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo 1: This is the cotton office tent that the bear went through. The tent is set up beside a weigh station on the road that leads up to the old, closed Kenilworth Mine, located south of Timmins, Ontario. We cooked in the garage that contained the truck scale. Photo taken summer 1978. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1605875241425-781XQRSC4CMYTD91Z4A6/Photo+2+img664_Kennilworth+Mine+Timmins+June+1978_crop_adj_fnb.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo 2: The view from the office tent looking up the mine road to the white office building and the headframe structure of the old Kenilworth Mine, located south of Timmins, Ontario. Photo taken summer 1978. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1605875330383-503TPSEVZQD93E0TAESW/Photo+3+img655_Kennilworth+Mine+laddie+dog+Timmins+summer+1978_adj_FNB_Andy_Fyon.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo 3: This is the only photo I have of Laddie, the “watch dog”. Laddie was frightened of humans and bears, but he lived a good life in the vacant office building at the old, closed Kenilworth Mine, located south of Timmins, Ontario. Laddie was happy to accompany us on our walks around the mine property, but there was an invisible line that he would not cross and he never left the general area. Photo taken summer 1978. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1609508481099-T4QXV24FZ9065MYH9EHR/img452_snow+machine+on+Rollo+Lake+water+date+unknown_Andy+Fyon.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo: A little more than lake slush - LOL. A snow machine plowing through water on top of lake ice, Rollo Lake, Ontario, 1976. This photo was composed about a month after my first encounter with lake slush. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1611926417365-6XTORYKYXXTBK66PCKJH/PICT0055_Chrystyna_Atlookan_Spence_evening_walk_lake_Fort_Hope_Aug2503_fb.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo 1: Chrystyna Atlookan-Spence standing and laughing beside Eabamet Lake, in the evening light, where we stood in the wind, threw rocks into the lake, played X’s and O’x by scratching one rock onto another rock surface, chatted, and just relaxed. This photo was composed on Aug 25, 2003. Time flies. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1611926461359-E80QBLLUM0NBOZYER775/PICT0061_Irene+Boyce_evening_walk_quartz_light_lake_Fort_Hope_Aug2503_adj_fb.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo 2: Irene Boyce standing in the golden light, holding a piece of quartz, which is almost alive with the golden light. I learned that in the local Ojibwe dialect, quartz is sometimes called ween-nin-no-wah-bic, because it looks like layers of white animal. But quartz is also known by other names. I won’t embarrass Irene, but perhaps she will share the name she called the quartz that evening, 18 years ago, if she is comfortable. If not, I may share in a different story. This photo was composed on Aug 25, 2003. Time flies. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1612526629266-OPVJUNR204G2YE6HAN7X/Photo+1+PICT0028_Andy_Yesno_seagull_rock_Lornjack_Bay_or_west_most_bay_Eabamet_Lake_Fort_Hope_Aug2503_andy+fyon+SS.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo 1: Andy Yesno (Eabametoong First Nation) displays the classic geologist posture while looking at geology near his community of Fort Hope, in the homeland of Eabametoong First Nation, Ontario, Canada. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, Aug 25/03. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1612527289227-680ZI3HCFK16ECW256II/Photo+2+img854+Sandy+Colvine+James+McDonald+Gold+88+Kambalda+Australia+1988+Andy+Fyon_SS.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo 2: The group of Canadian and Australian geologists looking at some Australian rock geology in the outback. After a warning about dangerous insects and snakes issued by our Australian field guide, we assumed a more cautious approach to looking at the geology - standing in groups (safety in numbers) and using telephoto camera lenses (safety in distance) allowing us to remain at a safe distance from killing life forms. I exaggerate just a bit :) . Photo composed by Andy Fyon, Kambalda area, Western Australia, 1988. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1615552563614-4YHZI5W271KUOL5RJWWA/_IMG0725_Chief_Elizabeth_Atlookan_andy+yesno+recognition_Fort_Hope_Aug1715_andy+fyon.JPG Far North Friday Reflections Photo 1: Chief Elizabeth Atlookan, Eabametoong First Nation, speaking at a special community event to recognize the long-standing service of a community member. Image by Andy Fyon, Aug. 17, 2015. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1615552840983-88LQHH8MBO58ZZXXU021/PB070782_elsie_macdonald_lori_webequie_nov0703_andy+fyon.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo 2: Elsie Macdonald was a Chief of Webequie First Nation and a long-serving councillor for her band. Elsie has served her people in many ways for many years. She attended virtually all our project and political meetings held in community. In this photo, Elsie was working away in he chilly office. Standing behind Elsie, wearing the dark red shirt, is Lori Churchill, who was with Ontario Geological Survey as the project and Results Management Coordinator at the time. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, November 7, 2003 - wow, a long time ago. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1615553037370-744Q5G2MHVHON0Q94AH6/_IMG3781__IMG3781_Deputy_Chief_Theresa_Spence_Chief_Theresa_Hall_andy+fyon.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo 3: Theresa Spence (front), who was Deputy Chief at the time this photo was composed and who is a former Chief of Attawapiskat First Nation, and Theresa Hall (back) who was the Chief of Attawapiskat First Nation at the time this photo was composed, during a meeting back on a warm day. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, August 27, 2008. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1618616115888-J6SMHECKBM7SBFO06TPD/Photo+1_permafrost_map_NRCan+FFF.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo 1: Permafrost map of Canada, by Heginbottom, J.A., Dubreuil, M.A., Harker, P.A., 1995. Canada — permafrost, National Atlas of Canada, 5th edition. National Atlas Information Service, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa. MCR 4177). The colour code: purple - continuous permafrost (90-100%); teal colour - extensive discontinuous permafrost (50-90%); light green colour - sporadic permafrost (10-50%); yellow - isolated permafrost (0-10%); olive green - no permafrost. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1618616186152-T31P6PEEOK7H4WXNS0FT/Photo+2+permafrost_map+Ontario+cut.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo 2: A detail of the Ontario part of the permafrost map of Canada (Photo 1, above), by Heginbottom, J.A., Dubreuil, M.A., Harker, P.A., 1995. Canada — permafrost, National Atlas of Canada, 5th edition. National Atlas Information Service, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa. MCR 4177). The colour code: purple - continuous permafrost (90-100%); teal colour - extensive discontinuous permafrost (50-90%); light green colour - sporadic permafrost (10-50%); yellow - isolated permafrost (0-10%); olive green - no permafrost. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1618616281996-4GQOWV84QNMKQXFI88F2/Photo+3+foam-cooler_web.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo 3: Classic Styrofoam cooler that we used to cool our meat. We used to call these disposable coolers because they were so fragile, they barely lasted a week. We migrated quickly to those thick plastic coolers. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1618616964449-N5ZSAGZEWI7EV55WSHNF/Photo+1+DSC01251_andy_fyon_beside+Severn+River+Fort+Severn+Dec1212_andy+fyon.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo 1: A middle-aged photo of the old red parka composed beside the Severn River, during a snow storm, in the homeland of the Washaho Cree Nation (Fort Severn First Nation), back on Dec 12/12. Hudson Bay is located about 20 km to the top of the photo. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1618617091988-YVHY18XEK7OMBY7GJU2P/Photo+2+Andy+Fyon+loading+Otter+Pickle+Lake+1976+Marcel+Lafreniere+video.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo 2: This photo is extracted from the vintage video by Marcel Lafreniere (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8-8xqsDRinw...). We are loading an Otter aircraft, in winter, on the frozen Pickle Lake. I am the individual wearing that red parka and the blue ski pants. This was likely sometime between November 1975 and March 1976. (Note, if you watch the video, there may be scenes or language that might not meet your standards.) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1618617241519-QLSESMLUVI9I9TMM2OGM/PXL_20210326_130347696+Andy+Fyon+old+red+parka+Nepean+Mar2621_fb.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo 3: A very recent photo of my old red parka and ski pants, composed in the Ottawa area, March 26/21 on the only patch of remaining snow, on the day after the day when the temperature was 18C. And it is raining today (March 26/21). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1619177962885-FN792LS7X150K62932UJ/img184_sunset_McVickar_Lake_July1975_FNF.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo: One of the many sunsets that we saw while in a fly-in tent camp on McVickar Lake, northwestern Ontario, Canada. Photo composed by Andy Fyon during the summer of 1975. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1619782627566-PD1JAVW3Q1E4ENJMUVRV/Photo+1_IMG0087_evening_storm_over_Eabamet_Lake_Wednesday_July2915_FNF+Andy+Fyon.JPG Far North Friday Reflections Photo 1: A typical summer thunder storm rolling across the Boreal forest. This cell was south of Eabamet Lake, in the homeland of Eabametoong First Nation (Fort Hope), Ontario, Canada, July 29, 2015. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1619782697986-AYY5JI9K63HXL3EEZF3F/Photo+2_Far+North+Friday+Lightning+rod+tree+island+April3021_Andy+Fyon.jpg Far North Friday Reflections Photo 2: A Google Earth satellite image of the tiny island where we momentarily sought cover, in summer 1986, before a summer thunder storm hit. We quickly realized that we would be “nits” to seek shelter under a long spruce tree that occupied that tiny island. We quickly left and found shelter on the east shore of Woman River, northwestern Ontario. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1621519522700-W4MVO9ECBRPZBKA8TOA8/img454_geology+Andy+Fyon+sleeping+work+tent+bush+camp+Kennilworth+Mine+Timmins+summer+1978_FNF.jpg Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Photo 1: A poor quality image that shows just a small part of the home-made bush bed, in a tent. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1622197033554-3Y8NQQ5HXA9J8YH7RBPR/PXL_20210528_001552727+silva+compass+May2721_fb+fnf_andy+fyon.jpg Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out This is a Silva compass. Not the kind of compass I used in the bush as a geologist, but it is an excellent backup and will guide you to your destination - assuming your mind does not discount its directions. Photo by Andy Fyon, May 27, 2021 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1622804057882-T0XE7SKW1HBXU7N3MBVX/_IMG8024_spiritual_ground_Fort_Providence_NWT_July0113_andy+fyon.JPG Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Photo 1: This memorial is located in Fort Providence, Northwest Territories. The site overlooks the Mackenzie River. There are no individual grave markers. This memorial marks the approximate location of about 300 people, mostly children. Some people buried at this site died as a result of the Spanish Flu epidemic of 1918-1920, others died while attending the residential school. The exact location of the original cemetery has been lost. A fence that surrounded the cemetery was removed in the spring or summer of 1948 and the area was then ploughed and used by the Mission to grow potatoes. Prior to ploughing, the remains of 8 missionaries were removed and re-interred at the new cemetery, located elsewhere. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, at Fort Providence, Northwest Territories, Canada, July 1/13. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1624015546245-XNW05XJY4JG4YV2N0LNG/Photo+1+Andy+Fyon+axe_Tiverton+Nepean+ON+June1821_fb.jpg Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Photo 1: One of my axes. It is not an expensive axe. It is just an axe that has been with me for many years. It needs a little work to clean up, but it is not adorned with red, florescent #2 on its handle, so it is safe to use. Image by Andy Fyon, June 17, 2021. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1624015703376-PQWZ1XG8HLK48S5GVOG8/Photo+2+img363_geology_Sabin_Lake_winter_camp_May+1977_fb+andy+fyon.jpg Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Photo 2: The red “boxes” were pre-fabricated structures that we used as our winter bush camp. They were about 30 feet long and 15 feet wide. They were heated by a fuel oil stove. They were more comfortable than a tent when it was -40C. They had one downside. They did not have an indoor toilet. This camp was located in the Sabin Lake area, south of Savant Lake, Ontario, in 1977. The white building on the right contained a generator. Image by Andy Fyon, 1977. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/db350c94-d0c2-4ced-a193-702810f7c71e/1_IMGP0493_Xavier_Sagutch_mapping_fort_hope_band_meeting_may1805_Andy+Fyon.JPG Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Xavier Sagutch (Eabametoong First Nation) looking at a rock sample during one of the many community-based geology project meetings at a band information meeting. Photo by Andy Fyon, May 18, 2005. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/d493663b-300c-4da9-ab06-7064e9e88d63/2_IMG9480_xavier_sagutch_eabametoong_Oct1910_Andy+Fyon_2.JPG Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Xavier Sagutch (Eabametoong First Nation) in his office, surrounded by posters of life on the land, as part of his documentation of “traditional ecological values” found in the homeland of Eabametoong First Nation. Photo by Andy Fyon, Oct. 19, 2010. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/278a91aa-c689-4f91-abe1-e0e790f43d2e/3_IMG6914_xavier_sagutch_fort_hope_Dec1912_Andy+Fyon.JPG Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Xavier Sagutch (Eabametoong First Nation) pointing out the body of knowledge describing important “traditional ecological values” found in the homeland of Eabametoong First Nation. Photo by Andy Fyon, Dec. 19, 2012. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/c343c51e-6bf5-450b-a0ff-ef748635dcbb/4_IMG0956_xavier_sagutch_saturday_morning_Fort_Hope_Nov2313_Andy+Fyon.jpg Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out “Old School” is how Sid Okees described Xavier Sagutch (Eabametoong First Nation), shown here walking to the store in Fort Hope to buy gas. Xavier was headed out on his snow machine. He was laughing with me because I was wearing every stitch of clothing I had to ward off the -20C wind chill. I vividly recall Xavier laughing and saying “Andy2, it is still warm. I will wear my mitts and change into my winter jacket when the real winter arrives.” Funny, because every photo I have of Xavier, winter or summer, he wore that same jean jacket. It didn’t matter if it was -40C or +30C. Photo composed in Fort Hope, Nov 23, 2013. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1ea545e7-2853-40bf-b65f-e0b76c17133a/5_P1310308_Lance_waboose_Andy_Fyon_Xavier_Sagutch_Gord_Parker_Colin_Stringer_Fort_Hope_Rond_Lake_Mine_Fort_Hope_July2915_Andy+Fyon.JPG Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Xavier Sagutch (Eabametoong First Nation) worked quietly, with perseverance, to raise our awareness of some industrial hazards that were a blemish on the land, created by historic industrial activities. We visited some of one of those hazards by helicopter at the start of a rehabilitation project. Others in the photo, from left to right, Lance Waboose, me (Andy Fyon), Xavier Sagutch, Gord Parker, and Colin Stringer. Old Rond Lake Mine area, July 29, 2015. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/d82c496e-ad88-4c11-9076-607036862f5e/6__IMG0038_Xavier_Sagutch_Fort_Hope_Mine_Wednesday_July2915_Andy+Fyon.JPG Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out One of my favourite photos of Xavier Sagutch (Eabametoong First Nation), at the Rond Lake Mine site. This was one of Xavier’s urgent projects. The multi-jurisdictional team was together and on this day, an important site investigation took place to develop the rehabilitation plan. Mr. X was wearing a special look that day, which speaks volumes. Photo composed July 29, 2015. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/7c4b9e03-20d0-4262-aab5-bf49b21a624a/European+medical+leech_Hirudo_+medicinalis_image+by++Karl+Ragnar+Gjertsen_wikipedia+Dec0221_crop.jpg Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Image source: European medical leech (Hirudo medicinalis) by Karl Ragnar Gjertsen, wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirudo_medicinalis...). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/e803fd2d-9736-4598-9c3b-4119d1b37ee1/Paragordius_tricuspidatus+wikipedia.jpeg Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out A horsehair worm (Phylum Nematomorpha), species Paragordius tricuspidatus. Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Paragordius_tricuspidatus.jpeg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/984aa83c-6209-4523-96ac-d4929013fe73/Photo+1_IMG6864_Norman+Shewaybick+outside+building+Webequie+ON+March1909_fb.JPG Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Photo 1: Norman Shewaybick standing outside a building in Webequie, Ontario, in the homeland of Webequie First Nation. Photo by Andy Fyon, March 19/09. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/7f5b2483-9fee-4cd5-bdc4-3bea50b5ee44/Photo+2+PC170128_Norman_Shewaybick_Christmas+pageant+School+Webequie+Dec1707_fb+SS+Andy+Fyon.JPG Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Photo 2: Norman Shewaybick participating in the Christmas school pageant, Simon Jacob Memorial Education Centre, Webequie First Nation. Photo by Andy Fyon, Dec 17/07. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/03f0633f-0a8c-49e5-9c55-8068d6bae06c/Photo+3+P1100878_Norman+Shewaybick_boat+winisk+Lake+Webequie+ON+Aug2312_fb+SS+Andy+Fyon.JPG Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Photo 3: Norman Shewaybick (Webequie First Nation), in his boat on Winisk Lake, in the homeland of Webequie First Nation, Ontario. Photo by Andy Fyon, Aug 23/12. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/937a857a-b9ed-4bbd-973f-3c4ea7107df4/Photo+4+P1220595_Norman+Shewaybick+classroom+Simon+Jacob+Memorial+Education+Centre_drum+making+Webequie+ON+May2114_fb+SS+Andy+Fyon.JPG Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Photo 4: Norman Shewaybick in the classroom, Simon Jacob Memorial Education Centre, working with a young student to create a drum. Photo composed in Webequie, homeland of Webequie First Nation. Photo by Andy Fyon, Dec 17/07. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/33b12aaf-52d7-444f-8103-851f586ac990/img011+Beechcraft+18+aircraft+FB+SS+Andy+Fyon.jpg Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Photo: Beechcraft 18 aircraft coming to pick up our geological mapping field crew in the far north of Ontario,. Photo by Andy Fyon, circa late 1970’s or early 1980’s. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/4bf60f1d-2aa0-4328-ae86-5ab5b40c697e/Photo+1_PICT0016_brad_yesno_des_rainsford_fort_hope_Feb2003_fb+Andy+Fyon.JPG Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Photo 1: On our way to the gill net to harvest fish from Eabamet Lake. Brad Yesno (Eabametoong First Nation) is on the snow machine and Des Rainsford (Ontario Geological Survey) is in the wooden sled. Photo composed on a cold day, Eabamet Lake, in the homeland of Eabametoong First Nation, close to Fort Hope, Ontario, Feb. 20, 2003. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/6a5e276f-e91d-4ddf-b622-1bbd09c99946/Photo+2_PICT0002_Des+Rainsford+Brad+Yesno+homestead+gill+net+trip+Fort+Hope+Feb2003_fb+Andy+Fyon.JPG Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Photo 2: Desmond Rainsford (left) and Brad Yesno (on the deck) at the Yesno homestead, which is located off-reserve, at the home of Andy Yesno. Andy Yesno, father of Brad Yesno, built the house with his family. The homestead was the location of a store, now long gone, that was operated by Andy’s Father. Andy’s grandfather was signatory to the 1905 Treaty #9. Andy has been one of my valuable mentors. Miigwetch Andy bezhig(1). Photo composed in the homeland of Eabametoong First Nation, close to Fort Hope, Ontario, Feb. 20, 2003. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/68570ee5-bcad-459b-9a6d-cc54f6a15fc8/Photo+3_PICT0004_Des+Rainsford+Brad+Yesno+Eabamet+Lake+gill+net+trip+Fort+Hope+Feb2003_fb+Andy+Fyon.JPG Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Photo 3: Brad Yesno (left: Eabametoong First Nation) and Des Rainsford (right: Ontario Geological Survey) shoveling snow of the open holes through the ice on Eabamet Lake. The snow helps to minimize the refreezing of the holes through which the gill net is strung beneath the lake ice. Photo composed on a cold day, Eabamet Lake, in the homeland of Eabametoong First Nation, close to Fort Hope, Ontario, Feb. 20, 2003. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/7a8c870c-4b7d-4124-9d4d-72d3b858059e/Photo+4_PICT0012+Brad+Yesno+Eabamet+Lake+fish+gill+net+trip+Fort+Hope+Feb2003_fb+Andy+Fyon.JPG Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Photo 4: Brad Yesno (Eabametoong First Nation) teaching us the art and science of removing fish from the gill net in a way to ensure no damage to the net. Photo composed on a cold day, Eabamet Lake, in the homeland of Eabametoong First Nation, close to Fort Hope, Ontario, Feb. 20, 2003. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/c233316b-3b4f-4099-ad02-d842c2991ba0/PICT0020_Des+Rainsford+Yesno+homestead+Eabamet+Lake+fish+net+trip+Fort+Hope+Feb2003_fb+Andy+Fyon.JPG Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Photo 5: Des Rainsford (Ontario Geological Survey) holding up one of the well frozen pickerel (also known as walleye) that was harvested from the gill net. I wonder if Des was feeling as cold as the fish. Photo composed on a cold day, at the Yesno homestead, in the homeland of Eabametoong First Nation, close to Fort Hope, Ontario, Feb. 20, 2003. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/43d2ac50-2e91-4c47-b8f9-2eb6c53e5015/Photo+1+IMGP1785_Bob_Middleton_Confederation_College_line_cutting_graduation_July2106_fb.jpg Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Photo 1: Bob Middleton: not a great photo, but the only one I have. Bob was one of the supporters of a technical training course that was delivered by Confederation College, Thunder Bay, Ontario. This photo was composed at the lunch for the course graduation event. Photo by Andy Fyon, July 21/06. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/8c0b610b-68bd-4911-a437-75902d75b6ba/Photo+2+P1180284_ngsc_core_avalon_rare_metals_thor_lake_camp_yellowknife_NWT_Aug2813_fb.JPG Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Photo 2: Drill core is created using a hollow bit whose cutting edge is lined with diamonds needed to cut through the rock; hence, the name diamond drill core. The bit cuts into the rock. A continuous core of rock is created and extracted. That core is examined by geologists to learn what geology exists beneath our feet. This general technique is used to understand if geological material will support a bridge or building or if there is potential for the rock or glacial deposit to contain groundwater, oil, natural gas, or minerals. Photo by Andy Fyon, diamond drill core, Northwest Territories, Aug. 28, 2013. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/d6092c79-c290-4188-b432-410aa2371f10/Photo+1+IMG_20171015_103102_Giant_Water_Bug_Canadian_Tire_parking_lot_Oct1517_fb+Andy+Fyon.jpg Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Photo 1: American giant water bug (Lethocerus americanus), sadly, dead on the parking lot of a retail store. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, Oct 15/17. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/26010145-1685-4010-b9a0-e8a6361123e0/Photo+2+_IMG4235_giant_water_bug_with_minnow_fall_fairbanks_provincial_park_oct1108_fb+Andy+Fyon.JPG Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Photo 2: (terrible photo) A giant water bug with what appears to be a small minnow, or perhaps a large tadpole, in its front limbs. The giant water bug was feeding. Photo composed at Fairbanks Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, Oct. 11/08. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/e43a74ff-241e-434d-8d25-0b2f0b8e379a/medicine+wheel+Indigenous+Corporate+Training+Mar1122.jpg Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Photo 1: One illustration of the indigenous Medicine Wheel, and the meanings of each quarter. Image from a post by Bob Joseph entitled “What is an indigenous medicine wheel?”. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/c6161759-c0e7-4035-a9ea-558e92e042b2/_IMG8456_Raven_Lake_early_morning_sunrise_fog_Halfway_Lake_Provincial_Park_June0615_Andy+Fyon.JPG Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Sunrise, by Raven Lake, Halfway Lake Provincial Park, Ontario, June 6/15 (before the blackflies woke up ). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/89cb04c0-ce3d-4f7e-bbcc-808b18f31de6/Photo+1+1750007_L+ga%3Bvanized+bucket.jpg Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Photo 1: The classic galvanized metal bucket that was so commonly used in bush camps. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/5617a1ff-2e72-449c-bd08-b4cc02f79dba/Photo+2+coiled+PVC+black+pipe_2.jpg Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Photo 2: Typical black, flexible, PVC pipe similar to the type I used to construct the failed solar shower. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/36cc37fb-d13d-46c3-bf2b-17f477f3c257/IMG_0957+raft_fb.jpg Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Photo: A classic barrel raft of the style we rode down the river. Image source: http://thesecretslice.com/home-made-raft-a-no-python-adventure/ https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/e7f701d5-f04a-41f6-989d-b7b61a26d00a/img455_geology+cook+tent+bush+camp+Cree+Lake+summer+1976_FB.jpg Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out This photo is of one of our tent camps. It was not the tent of the line cutter, although his tent was identical. This camp was our cook tent, located on Cree Lake, summer 1976. Photo by Andy Fyon. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/f29266e8-de1f-4e44-9e09-9841f2c71418/leech_uoguelph_adj.jpg Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Leech image from University of Guelph. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/a5974595-c9e3-4fdd-a7c9-8bdcfcd39bd4/Photo+1_IMGP3392_bartolucci_rex_thomas_lori_fort_severn_sept1106_fb.jpg Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Photo 1: A visit by Minister Bartolucci (Ontario) with Washaho First Nation in the community of Fort Severn, Ontario’s most northerly community located just south of Hudson Bay. Lori Churchill (right) is standing with Rex Thomas (centre) and Minister Bartolucci in a smoke house. Photo composed in Fort Severn. Photo by Andy Fyon, Sept 11/06. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/5f3b93cf-611a-41cf-8bc5-effa650dcdf7/Photo+2_IMGP4046_Lori+Churchill+baseball_Treaty+9+commeration_Fort+Hope_ON_July2005_ppt.jpg Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Photo 2: Lori Churchill on the baseball field during the week-long Treaty 9 commemoration event, with Eabametoong First Nation, Fort Hope, Ontario. Photo by Andy Fyon, July 20/05. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/39704f23-4e04-464b-a0d2-65ff8f5dfa0f/Photo+3_PB070782_elsie_macdonald_lori_webequie_nov0703_fb.jpg Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Photo 3: Lori Churchill (standing) with Council member Elsie Macdonald (seated, Webequie First Nation), in Elsie’s office, Webequie, Ontario. There was a lot of back-and-forth communication related to our collaborative projects. Photo composed in Webequie band office. Photo by Andy Fyon, Nov. 7/03. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/3ca34631-c677-4ad2-a8e7-253b99a18999/Photo+4_100_0204_Chief_Mike_Carpenter_Lori_Churchill_video_shoot_attawapiskat_oct0404_fb.JPG Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Photo 4: Chief Mike Carpenter (Attawapiskat First Nation) and Lori Churchill preparing for the video shoot, in Attawapiskat, Oct. 4/04. This is not my photo. It may have been composed by Catherine Peltier Mavin, NRCan. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/2d1c579a-33d6-4f07-9d9b-ca6d6447811f/Photo+5_PICT0057_Eno+H+Anderson+Lori+Churchill+cabins_old_community_Kasabonika+Lake_ON_Aug2803_fb.JPG Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Photo 5: Quietly, Deputy Chief Eno H. Anderson (Kasabonika Lake First Nation) and Lori Churchill reflect at the old, ancestral village of Kasabonika Lake First Nation, Ontario. Photo by Andy Fyon, Aug. 28/03. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/30b444e0-1942-4cf3-be06-4afda327a9c1/Photo+6_PICT0114_NormLoriMoonias_fb.jpg Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Photo 6: The Albany River boat trip to visit some unusual fossils. Left to right: Norm Baxter, Lori Churchill, and Chief Eli Moonias (Marten Falls First Nation), Ontario, Canada. Photo by Andy Fyon, July 26/02. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/b9e472c3-b3fb-4160-ae41-a946b8ec5427/P1200320_andy_yesno_band_office_fort_hope_Jan2914_fb2+Andy+Fyon.jpg Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Andy Yesno, Eabametoong First Nation. Andy passed away on September 22, 2022. He was a friend, colleague, and mentor. He will be sadly missed by many, including myself. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, in Andy’s office, in Fort Hope, on January 29, 2014. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/cd86069a-14cf-45f9-a2b0-54312bedc9d1/1_P1330412_Ellie_Jacob_wife_of_elder_Josie_Jacob_Webequie_First_Nation_Dec1015_rip+ellie.JPG Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Photo 1: Elder Ellie Jacob (Webequie First Nation), wife of elder Josie Jacob, in their home in Webequie, Ontario. Elder Ellie passed away during the week of November 14, 2022. Photo by Andy Fyon, Dec. 10, 2015. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/051e6c4f-99b0-4ca8-8e69-af5085d4d17c/2_P1110024_elder_Josie_ellie_tenona_in_their_home_Webequie_Aug2512_print+4x6_fb+RIP.JPG Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Photo 2: Standing: elders Ellie and Josie Jacob. Ellie's sister, Tenona, sits on the left. Elder Ellie passed away during the week of November 14, 2022. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, in their home, Webequie, Aug 25, 2012. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/6f054be9-63fe-45c9-958c-734bd5c7b742/3+IMG8836_Ellie+Jacob+Kelly+home+Webequie+ON+July1509_fb+rip+ellie.JPG Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Photo 3: Elder Ellie Jacob, with Kelly, in Ellie's home, Webequie, Ontario. Elder Ellie passed away during the week of November 14, 2022. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, July 15, 2009. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/ec1357bb-a150-4c0e-8055-4a03ae113fb7/4_IMG4708_elder+Ellie+Jacob+crafts+home+Webequie+ON+Oct3108_rip+ellie.JPG Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Photo 4: Elder Ellie Jacob proudly displays some of her artistic fur, leather and bead work in her home, in Webequie, Ontario. Elder Ellie passed away during the week of November 14, 2022. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, Oct. 31, 2008. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/61c7c9d0-d0e1-4099-b73f-90481d58e4df/5_IMGP9304_elder+josie_jacob_elder+Ellie+Jacob_grandchild_webequie_june0206_rip+ellie.jpg Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Photo 5: Elder Ellie and Elder Josie standing outside their home in Webequie, Ontario, with specialized handcrafted snowshoes. Elder Ellie passed away during the week of November 14, 2022. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, July 2, 2006. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/aec6ebc4-9367-4cd9-b9ef-281bd2eefe8a/Photo_1_IMGP5151_chief_mike_carpenter_attawapiskat_band_meeting_Jan2507_RIP.jpg Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Photo 1: Chief Mike Carpenter arriving to attend an information meeting between the Attawapiskat First Nation elders and Ontario Geological Survey officials about geological mapping. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, in Attawapiskat, along the coast of James Bay, Jan. 25/07. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/07dd13d7-b12f-4ff6-9745-dfa03a855526/Photo_2_IMG3786_suzanne_barnes_mike_carpenter_Attawapiskat_Aug2808_rip.JPG Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Photo 2: Chief Mike Carpenter stopped by the Attawapiskat First Nation Lands and Resources office the morning after our information between the elders and Ontario Geological Survey officials. He would enjoy a coffee and share his insights about the meeting. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, in Attawapiskat First Nation Lands and Resources Office, along the coast of James Bay, Aug. 28/08. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/b9f547de-3cf7-4891-95a4-1132117e0dfa/Photo_3_IMG3806_james_bay_mike_carpenter_canoe_Attawapiskat_river_Aug2808_RIP.JPG Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Photo 3: Chief Mike Carpenter took me out onto James Bay to experience the Bay and its personality. It was the only time I had the privilege to experience the Bay. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, on James Bay, Aug. 28/08. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/61d0692d-14f0-48c2-bf27-429a83c77663/Photo_4_IMGP3429_Robert_Merwin_Mike_Carpenter_Attawapiskat_first_Nation_Diamond_Royalty_meeting_attawapiskat_jan1708+RIP.jpg Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Photo 4: Chief Mike Carpenter did not hear very well out of one ear. The side of you he sat on would determine if you were to have a listening meeting or bilateral meeting LOL. In this photo, there was another person in the photo that I cropped out. The look on Mike’s face makes me suspect that Mike had positioned himself appropriately to avoid hearing more of the rhetoric from that other person. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, in Attawapiskat, in the homeland of Attawapiskat First Nation, in 2008. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/c76e23eb-20e4-419b-9d2e-e0a54beac831/Photo_5_P1200108_mike_carpenter_Timmins_airport_Jan0814_FB.JPG Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Photo 5: This was the last time I chatted with Chief Mike Carpenter. We crossed paths in the Timmins airport. Each of us was headed in different directions. Despite his busy schedule, he had time to chat and crack a joke. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, Timmins airport, Jan. 8/14. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/6d2ccb6a-0089-4e31-a012-560bbbdbc136/Photo+1+IMGP4250_jeremiah_troutlake_school+Webequie_Dec0206_fb.jpg Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Photo 1: Elder Jeremiah Troutlake, Webequie First Nation, inside the Simon Jacob Memorial Education Centre. We often saw elder Jeremiah in the classrooms and the halls of the school, where he greeted and encouraged the students and educators. He took that role seriously. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, Dec. 2/06. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/03af807d-e709-4096-86d3-e4bf5eb73df5/Photo+2+IMG_0455_Mathew+Jacob+Jeremiah+Troutlake+_Andy+Fyon+auditor+youth+coffee+shop+Webequie+ON+Jan2408_Fb.jpg Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Photo 2: Elder Jeremiah, Webequie First Nation, often ate dinner with us at Elijah Jacob’s coffee shop in Webequie. Back row: Elder Matthew Jacob, elder Jeremiah Troutlake, Andy Fyon. The child in front of elder Matthew is Brianna Jacob, who is now an adult! Photo composed Jan. 24/08. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/210f9b4f-20fd-44a8-9e6e-44a971c1647a/Photo+3+P1330491_education_board_Ennis_Jacob_Jessie_Mekanak_Janet_Troutlake_wife_of_Jeremiah_Troutlake_Matawa_dinner_Victoria_Inn_Thunder_Bay_Dec1715_fbs.jpg Far North Friday Reflections - Make it stand out Photo 3: Elder Jeremiah (far right) with Webequie Education Board officials at the Matawa First Nations Christmas dinner in Thunder Bay. From left to right: Ennis Jacob, Jessie Mekanak, Janet Troutlake (wife of elder Jeremiah Troutlake), and elder Jeremiah Troutlake. This was the last time I saw elder Jeremiah, fourteen days before I retired. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, at the Victoria Inn, Thunder Bay, ONtario, Dec. 17/15. https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/geology-and-plants daily 0.75 2026-03-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1636841560240-SM5EBJAT2GLJOHWQRRNM/13+geology+Libby_top_rock+reject+mountain_JM+Mountain+Johns+Manville+mine+site+Matheson+ON+Aug0821_Andy+Fyon+SS+fb.jpg Geology and Plants https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1636841963329-3LR3DQPTWONV8JL8OIQS/10_IMGP4969_geology_Lake_Minong_cobble_beach_terrace_wave_ridges_Montreal_River_Provincial_Park_Aug2118_Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Geology and Plants https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1636993116810-0LQIKLFJZ3H7R3FDBJHD/P1380045_Kalm%27s+Lobelia+Lobelia+kalmii_blue+white_calcareous+sandy+pebbly+substrate+Fraserdale+ON+Aug1021_SS+Andy+Fyon.JPG Geology and Plants https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1636993810786-K2CCDEZ7DO7DG4MKTO71/1_IMGP2884_Shrubby_Cinquefoil_Dasiphora_fruticosa_yellow_Gargantua_trail_Lake_Superior_Provincial_Park_Aug1518_fb.jpg Geology and Plants https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1637081567699-LS1Y8F1UJMNVZQ9UXBV5/banner+distribution+of+pink+and+yellow+lady%27s+slipper+eastern+Ontario+Andy+Fyon+Feb1921.jpg Geology and Plants https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1637184821999-IDTIYMLP1YWFVE14S1CY/1_banner+IMGP8044_Cinnamon%2BFern%2BOsmundastrum%2Bcinnamomeum_fruiting_Pinhey%2Btrail%2B32_Nepean%2BON%2BMay2921_SS%2BAndy%2BFyon.jpg Geology and Plants https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1637186894809-BCJUHQIP2X24QP403X54/1_banner_P1110524_geology_john_calder_calamites_Joggins_Nova_Scotia_EMMC_Sept1212_andy%2Bfyon.jpg Geology and Plants https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1640207339736-5BV27C3W5GYPAHNLQWBE/P1040194_Serpentine_sandwort_Minuartia_marcescens_white_Tablelands_Gros_Morne_National_Park_Newfoundland_June1711_Andy+Fyon_SS.JPG Geology and Plants https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1641040091614-EGHGJ4TASYK22MBVB7AA/4_IMG1153_geology_calcareous_tufa_Warm_Bay_Atlin_Lake_Atlin_BC_July1908_NANPS2+Andy+Fyon.JPG Geology and Plants https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1643119773499-2H6B64IQ2KHPFYZXW0I5/IMGP0885_Alpine+Smelowskia+Smelowskia+americana_white_calcareous+substrate+alpine+Plateau+Mountain+Ecological+Reserve_Longview_AB+July0106_iNat.jpg Geology and Plants https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1645808936706-XVQ2U2JOK476HQY1P445/img277_open+cut+Cobalt+May+1975+SS.jpg Geology and Plants https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1649447925912-WCZK84HX0O90ANARUQ8H/_IMGP5626_geology_scenic_Boreal+Saltwort+Salicornia+borealis_red_green_Takhini_salt_flat_YK_July0719_RRR+Andy+Fyon.JPG Geology and Plants https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1660051725703-QZ4RG9QLI66RXHZM6P11/IMGP6511_Encrusted+Saxifrage+Saxifraga+paniculata_white_basalt+substrate_southern+headland+trail+Pukaskwa+National+Park+ON+June0722_iNat.JPG Geology and Plants https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1677776008804-P0EWBQ1HD4IWGH7BK122/PXL_20220921_140028904+geology_flowing+water+calcareous+seep+calcareous+tufa+Paris+ON+Sept2122_ss+thumbnail.jpg Geology and Plants https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/40a606c4-d622-47e6-8990-1f1eb9fc9fbd/Cover+photo+PXL_20250725_180521843+Rock+Spikemoss+Selaginella+rupestris+south+facing+serpentinite+substrate+Midlothian+Asbestos+Mine+ON+July2625+iNat+rot+SS.jpg Geology and Plants https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1379c587-39fb-4664-ad8c-136bbfdf6c55/Thumbnail+IMGP9717_Prickly_Pear_Cactus_Opuntia_polyacantha_yellow_dinosaur_provincial_park_alberta_June2606+Andy+Fyon+SS.jpg Geology and Plants https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/8aa20c4b-8b90-41bf-adbe-7fe1ab24329c/1_Location+Munro+Mine+On+Google+Earth+Aug1221+Andy+Fyon+ss_adj.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 1: Location of the Munro Mine, east of Matheson, Ontario, Canada. Image: Google Earth, Nov. 12/21. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/cd063b41-932c-4dcd-92b9-184201380120/2_Location+Matheson+Google+Earth+Nov1221_Andy+Fyon+ss.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 2: Location of the town of Matheson, Ontario, Canada. Image source: Google Earth, Nov. 12/21. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/7a72d77c-b71b-41ea-ac8c-109e4f248b03/3_Abitibi+greenstone+belt_Abdy+Fyon+SS.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 3: Location of the Abitibi Greenstone Belt, in Ontario, Canada. Image after Ontario Geological Survey. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1e7ed88d-e4f8-4eae-94d8-5082b0e1ab7e/4_geology_crushed+serpentine+rock+dump+Munro+Mine++Munro+township+ON+Aug0821_Andy+Fyon+SS.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 4: The red arrow points to a fibrous mineral called asbestos that was mined at the Munro Mine, east of the northern Ontario town of Matheson, Ontario, Canada. The mine open in 1949-1950 and closed in 1964. The rock that contains the asbestos is called serpentinite. Image: Andy Fyon, Aug 8/21. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/eae83f35-1225-4c21-b0b7-f17bfe20aa58/5_IMGP2093_geology+serpentine_coarse+rock+waste+dump_Munro+Mine+Johns+Manville+asbestos+mine+Munro+township+ON+Aug0821_Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 5: The rock that contains the asbestos mined at the Munro Mine is called serpentinite, made of the mineral serpentine. Serpentine is the green-coloured mineral seen on the rock surface. Serpentine is created by changing the original rocks called dunite and peridotite, which are black to dark green in colour. Serpentine inherited high concentrations of nickel, copper, iron and other unusual metals from the original rocks dunite and peridotite. Serpentine contains virtually no nitrogen, potassium or phosphorous - elements needed as nutrients by plants. Image: Andy Fyon, Aug 8/21. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/11afc8c1-823c-4c1b-9083-67c1d1b8e7ea/6_IMGP2061_geology+flooded+open+pit_Munro+Mine++Johns+Manville+asbestos+mine+Munro+township+ON+Aug0821_Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 6: This lake was the former Munro Mine open pit from which the asbestos-bearing rock was extracted by open pit mining. When the mine closed in 1964, water began to flood the open pit and today, a lake exists where once mining took place. Image: Andy Fyon, Aug 8/21. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/dbf90dd9-9df2-4d1a-b089-96e1dc1610d3/7_IMP2112_geology_coarse+rock+waste+dump_Munro+Mine+Johns+Manville+asbestos+Munro+mine+Munro+township+ON+Aug0821_Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 7: Crushed rock that did not contain asbestos is called waste, or “left over”, rock. The waste rock was crushed to a range of grain sizes to liberate the asbestos. The coarse waste rock was stored in waste dumps seen in the foreground. The finest grained waste rock was stored in the large hill seen in the background. That hill is locally called “JM Mountain”. It stands about 250-300 feet above the surrounding land. Image: Andy Fyon, Aug 8/21. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1d71a09d-79cb-487b-9eae-478520b16307/8_IMGP2114_geology+serpentine_asbestos_coarse+rock+waste+dump_Munro+Mine+Johns+Manville+asbestos+mine+Munro+township+ON+Aug0821_Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 8: Examples of the many types and colours of crushed rock seen at the waste rock dump, Munro Mine, Ontario. Most, but not all, of these rocks contain serpentine, The different colours partly reflect the different serpentine minerals that make up the rock. Note the serpentinite above the camera lens cap that contains the fibrous form of serpentine called asbestos. Photo composed at the Munro Mine, Aug. 8/21. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/6aa917d5-2c03-4066-9e23-ee79b4da324e/9_serpentine+bearing+carvings+Andy+Fyon+SS+Nov0221.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 9: A variety of carvings that are composed partly of the mineral called serpentine. From left to right: a) sheep carved from jade (British Columbia); b) bear carved from talc and serpentine (Artist Gene Solomon, Sudbury, Ontario); c) dark serpentine-bearing rock with bone puffin bird (Newfoundland and Labrador); d) inukshuk carving, Iqaluit, Nunavut, supported by a plastic figure that is a hydrocarbon product. Image: Andy Fyon, Ottawa, Nov 2/21. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/b6a0bc21-01a8-4bbe-a52b-9feaf784ef00/10_IMGP4969_geology_Lake_Minong_cobble_beach_terrace_wave_ridges_Montreal_River_Provincial_Park_Aug2118_Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 10: An example of a harsh substrate, consisting of an old raise cobble beach, on the boundary of Montreal River Provincial Park. There is no organic or fine grained mineral soil between the cobbles because wave and water current action washed away the beach sand, leaving only cobbles. The open spaces between the cobbles are too difficult for the roots of trees or other plants to grow on and there is virtually no moisture retention. As an aside, this cobble beach was created along the edge of a lake called Lake Minong, in front of a glacier, during the Wisconsin glaciation, about 10,000 years ago. Geologists call Lake Minong a proglacial lake. Lake Minong occupied much of the present day Lake Superior basin. At that time, the water level was at least 30 m (100 feet) higher compared to present day Lake Superior because of the meltwater coming off the glacier and lakes to the west, like Lake Agassiz, and because there was no exit channel for the lake to drain away. About 8,500 years ago, the water level of Lake Superior, as we know it, stabilized as the glacier continued to melt back to the north, other proglacial lakes joined together, and the drainage shifted into the headwaters of the Ottawa River (more or less). Image: Andy Fyon, Montreal River Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada, Aug. 21/18. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/48c497ce-7aff-41c6-b35d-742fec7e41ac/11_IMGP2090_geology_crushed+serpentine+rock+dump+Munro+Mine+Johns+Manville+asbestos+mine+Munro+township+ON+Aug0821_Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 11: A “harsh” substrate for plants occurs on the old Munro Mine property, Ontario, Canada, where cobble-sized, crushed rock occurs as a waste dump. On this waste rock dump, there is virtually no fine-grained or organic soil between the crushed rock fragments. Rain or snow melt water quickly disappears into the void space. Moisture retention is limited. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, Aug. 8/21. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/eb89b793-c7c4-40fe-b5b3-46aa793c7fb1/12_IMGP2098_habitat_tree+Jack+Pine+Pinus+banksiana_Paper+Birch+Betula+papyrifera_Munro_Mine_coarse+waste+serpentine+rock+dump_Munro+township+ON_Aug0821_fb.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 12: A few rare trees have taken root on the crushed rock waste dump at the Munro Mine. Many of those trees are growing now where a thin veneer of brown-coloured, fine grained mine waste rock was dumped and/or organic duff has accumulated. Image by Andy Fyon, Aug. 8/21. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/a25c64fd-ce28-440b-9cb9-cecfcde43bb3/13+geology+Libby_top_rock+reject+mountain_JM+Mountain+Johns+Manville+mine+site+Matheson+ON+Aug0821_Andy+Fyon+SS+fb.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 13: View at the top of the waste hill composed of finely crushed serpentinite rock, at the Munro Mine, Ontario, Canada. The serpentinite rock has an unusual chemistry: a) high concentrations of magnesium and the metals nickel, copper, cobalt, and cadmium; b) very low concentrations of calcium; c) virtually no concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorous or potassium. Nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium are essential plant nutrients. Calcium is needed for cell walls and cell membranes. Also, high concentrations of the metals nickel, copper, cobalt, and cadmium are poisonous to plants. So, serpentinite, and derived soils, have a nutrient imbalance from a plant perspective. Serpentinite and its derived soils, including finely crushed serpentinite, is a really harsh substrate for most plants, except for a few specially adapted serpentine endemic plants. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, Aug. 8/21. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/b39d0f1a-92f4-451b-9cb6-ef26b7046d2c/14+IMGP2253_Balsam+poplar+paper+birch++crushed+serpentinite+Munro+Mine+JM+Mountain+Munro+Township+ON+Aug0821_Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 14: There is virtually no vegetation growing on the finely crushed serpentinite because of the substrate chemistry, despite the fact that the mine closed 37 years ago. The few trees that are growing on the finely crushed serpentinite at the Munro Mine appear to be stunted. The most abundant tree is balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera;), growing in the lower right foreground of the image. Rare paper birch (Betula papyrifera) is seen growing in the background behind the balsam poplar. Photo by Andy Fyon, Aug. 8/21. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/4d561c60-59c3-48bb-bf69-17b0d50041c7/15+IMGP2228_tree_White+Spruce+Picea+glauca_geology_rock+reject+mountain_JM+Mountain+Johns+Manville+mine+site+Matheson+ON+Aug0821_Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 15: Another rare tree seen growing on the finely crushed serpentinite, at the Munro Mine, is white spruce (Picea glauca). It is rare on this waste dump. The white spruce also appears to be stunted, despite the 37 years since the waste dump was last used. Photo by Andy Fyon, Aug. 8/21. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/3b66b4b6-c86d-499d-a1e9-1f2ec946a12a/16_IMGP2237_Bearberry+Arctostaphylos+uva-ursi_crushed+serpentine+substrate_Munro+Mine+asbestos+mine+Munro+Township+ON+Aug0821_Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 16: This is the one occurrence of bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) that I saw growing on the finely crushed serpentinite rock hill at the Munro Mine. Image: Andy Fyon, Aug. 8/21. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/3a61acf0-a920-4d83-b1ba-bb33dfd46d6b/17_IMGP2392_Broad-leafed+Helleborine+Epipactis+helleborine_green_orchid_serpentinie+rock+JM_mountain_Munro+Mine+Matheson+ON+Aug0921_Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 17: This is the one occurrence of several one occurrence of the orchid broad-leaved helleborine (Epipactis helleborine) plants growing on the finely crushed serpentinite rock hill at the Munro Mine. Image: Andy Fyon, Aug. 8/21. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/a4d49318-f203-4040-b50b-76fd3cbab7ad/18_IMGP2252_basalm+poplar+paper+birch+white+spruce+on+serpentinite+waste+rock+JM+mountain+Munro+Mine+ON+Aug0821_Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 18: One area at the top of the finely crushed serpentinite hill is characterized by the presence of very small (stunted) balsam poplar. The white spruce trees look similar to Krummholz trees, suggesting that local weather plays a role in limiting tree height. However, the overall low density of plants and stunted tree size suggests the chemistry of the serpentinite substrate is a very important factor that discourages plant growth. Photo by Andy Fyon, Aug. 8/21. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/4b410663-3c50-43db-8217-b02c43ca006e/1_Fraserdale%2Band%2BAbitibi%2BCanyon%2BGoogle%2BEarth%2Blocation%2BOn%2BAug1021_SS%2BAndy%2BFyon.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 1: Geographic location of the Fraserdale and Abitibi Canyon area, northeastern Ontario, Canada. The Google Earth image was created on Aug 10, 2021. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/13364c67-94b6-48ce-b08f-9bcf65206fde/2_hudson%2Bbay%2Bjames%2Bbay%2Blowlands%2BSept0721.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 2: Location of the Hudson Bay and James Bay lowlands, denoted by the light green coloured area on the map. within the black circle. The simplified bedrock geological map is from the Ontario Geological Survey. The location of Fraserdale - Abitibi Canyon area is shown by the red dot. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/736dcda1-980a-4f70-ba45-f7f2c6cb97b0/3_bright%2Bcolour%2Bsurficial%2Bgeology%2BOGS%2BEarth%2BGoogle%2BEarth%2BFraserdale%2BON%2BSept0721.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 3: Surficial geology of the Fraserdale area. A) Oldest surficial geological material consists of glacial till that was deposited at the base of the ice sheet (teal coloured area in Photo 3). B) The surficial gravel, sand, silt and clay deposits that formed when the ice sheet started to melt, created river, beach, delta, and lake bottom deposits that are coloured orange-, sandy-brown-, yellow-, and blue-coloured areas on the geology map (Photo 3. Together, the undifferentiated glacial till and post glacial surficial deposits are called glacial drift. C) The most recent deposits, consisting of peat, muck and marl, formed in modern times, and are shown in the mauve-grey-coloured areas on the surficial geology map (Photo 3). Image created using the free, online OGSEarth application provided by the Ontario Geological Survey (https://www.mndm.gov.on.ca/en/mines-and-minerals/applications/ogsearth/surficial-geology) superimposed on a Google Earth image. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/4b1ce196-11a3-442a-9301-6b5eec062058/4_Marsh+Grass-of-Parnassus+Parnassia+palustris+fraserdale+composite+Aug1021+SS+Andy+Fyon_crop.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 4: Marsh Grass of Parnassus (Parnassia palustris), growing on wet calcareous drift in the Fraserdale area, northeastern Ontario, Canada. Although poorly illustrated in this image, Variegated horsetail (Equisetum variegatum), a calcicolous plant, is also growing with the P. palustris. Photos by Andy Fyon, Aug 10/21. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/afddb843-7110-4b27-9a3c-13547a551133/5_Kalm%27s+Lobelia+Lobelia+kalmii+Fraserdale+Aug1021+SS_Andy+Fyon.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 5: Kalm's Lobelia (Lobelia kalmii), growing on wet calcareous drift in the Fraserdale area, northeastern Ontario, Canada. Photos by Andy Fyon, Aug 10/21. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/6bfc145d-51a4-407f-b53e-fbbae1cad792/6_IMGP2700_Sticky+False+Asphodel+Triantha+glutinosa_seed_calcareous+sandy+substrate+Fraserdale+ON+Aug1021_SS_Andy+Fyon.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 6: Sticky False Asphodel (Triantha glutinosa), growing on wet calcareous drift in the Fraserdale area, northeastern Ontario, Canada. Photos by Andy Fyon, Aug 10/21. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/61185951-db70-4ce3-98db-b69996d31fc7/7_Hairy+Goldenrod+%28Solidago+hispida+_Fraserdale+Aug1021+SS.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 7: Hairy Goldenrod (Solidago hispida), growing on dry, calcareous drift in the Fraserdale area, northeastern Ontario, Canada. Photos by Andy Fyon, Aug 10/21. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/cbef7983-b384-41db-9687-e6bd6d6cf846/8_Variegated+Horsetail+Equisetum+variegatum+with+Marsh+Grass-of-Parnassus+and+kalm%27s+lobelia+calcareous+Fraserdale+ON+Aug1021+SS+Andy+Fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 8: A poor image that illustrates variegated horsetail (Equisetum variegatum), a calcicolous plant, is also growing in the moist calcareous soil with Kalm's Lobelia (Lobelia kalmii) and Marsh Grass of Parnassus (Parnassia palustris), Fraserdale area, Ontario, Canada. Photo by Andy Fyon, Aug 10/21. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/cdd32c37-c67f-4203-9a2b-7e4b9c52859e/1_IMGP2884_Shrubby_Cinquefoil_Dasiphora_fruticosa_yellow_Gargantua_trail_Lake_Superior_Provincial_Park_Aug1518_fb.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 1: Shrubby Cinquefoil (Dasiphora fruticosa) growing on diabase rock that has been chemically weathered. The chemical weathering liberated calcium from the minerals that make up the diabase rock. That calcium precipitated as calcite in fractures that cut the rock. Image by Andy Fyon, Gargantua trail south, Lake Superior Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada, Aug. 15, 2018. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/60f3bf93-38a4-4fdc-8e45-b0b9d3f7bc92/2_IMGP2896_Common_Butterwort_Pinguicula_vulgaris_limy_rock_Gargantua_trail_Lake_Superior_Provincial_Park_Aug1.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 2: Common Butterwort (Pinguicula vulgaris) growing on diabase rock that has been chemically weathered. The chemical weathering liberated calcium from the minerals that make up the diabase rock. That calcium precipitated as white calcite in fractures that cut the rock to create a micro-calcareous habitat. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, Gargantua trail south, Lake Superior Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada, Aug. 15/18. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/b8a950ae-9874-4f04-a0ba-938f20367878/3_IMGP2899_Bog_Lobelia_Lobelia_kalmii_purple_Gargantua_trail_Lake_Superior_Provincial_Park_Aug1518_fb_Andy%2BFy.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 3: Bog Lobelia (Lobelia kalmii) growing on diabase rock that has been chemically weathered. The chemical weathering liberated calcium from the minerals that make up the diabase rock. That calcium precipitated as white calcite in fractures that cut the rock to create a micro-calcareous habitat. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, Gargantua trail south, Lake Superior Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada, Aug. 15/18. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/19d6478e-86d9-42d3-81d9-b88b44324588/4_IMGP2871_Mistassini_Primrose_Primula_mistassinica_leaves_lime_rock_Gargantua_trail_Lake_Superior_Provincial.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 4: Mistassini Primrose (Primula mistassinica) growing on diabase rock that has been chemically weathered. The chemical weathering liberated calcium from the minerals that make up the diabase rock. That calcium precipitated as white calcite in fractures that cut the rock to create a micro-calcareous habitat. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, Gargantua trail south, Lake Superior Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada, Aug. 15/18. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/3a071aea-6576-4f2c-9c59-e49d1cf65bbc/5_IMGP2903_geology_diabase_lime_cove_coast_Gargantua_trail_Lake_Superior_Provincial_Park_Aug1518_Andy_Fyon_sq.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 5: Image of diabase dike rock exposed along the Coastal Trail, Lake Superior Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada. The white mineral is anorthite plagioclase feldspar (CaAl2Si2O8). The black mineral is augite pyroxene ((Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe,Al,Ti)(Si,Al)2O6). Those minerals formed deep in the Earth and they are not stable on the Earth’s surface, where they undergo chemical weathering. Photo composed Aug. 15/18. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/9e5ab8f0-b519-459a-9afd-62ba513bf2e3/6_IMGP2882_geology_lime_calcite_in%2Bfractures%2BGargantua_trail_Lake_Superior_Provincial_Park_Aug1518_Andy%2BFyon%2B.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 6: The red arrows point to white-coloured calcite (CaCO3) mineral that precipitated in fractures within the altered diabase rock. Image by Andy Fyon, along the Gargantua trail south, Lake Superior Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada, Aug. 15/18. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/b49d2e8c-edc7-44c0-b383-6aedcd763680/7_IMGP2885_geology_limescale_diabase%2BGargantua_trail_Lake_Superior_Provincial_Park_Aug1518_Andy_Fyon_squaresp.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 7: The red arrows point to a white-coloured coating of calcite (CaCO3) limescale on the surface of a diabase rock. It appears that calcium-bearing water solution seeped onto the rock surface from larger cracks in the rock. Once on surface, evapouration of the water solution caused the limescale to precipitate. Photo by Andy Fyon, along the Gargantua trail south, Lake Superior Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada, Aug. 15/18. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/d16f0bcc-e5e2-40af-ba71-8bf0f7d59b3f/8_limescale%2Band%2Bciphile%2Bplants%2BOct0320_Andy%2BFyon.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 8: Conditions which lead to the formation of calcite limescale on the warm surface of a Sun-baked rock. Letters mean: A: rain or snow source of groundwater; B: soil; C: rock; D: cold groundwater containing dissolved calcium and carbon dioxide (CO2); E: groundwater warmed by the Sun as the water flows over the Sun-bakes rock surface; F: calcite limescale or calcite infilling cracks and fractures in the rock; G: Evapouration of the warm calcium- and CO2-bearing groundwater; and H: Sun. Image by E. Ginn. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/745e8548-1564-4a9b-930a-ea53de453581/Fig+1+distribution+of+pink+and+yellow+lady%27s+slipper+eastern+Ontario+Andy+Fyon+Feb1921.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 1: The general observation that pink lady’s slipper orchid (Cypripedium acaule) grows on acidic substrate, like granite, and yellow lady’s slipper orchid (Cypripedium parviflorum) grows on calcareous substrate, like limestone. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/2ac2c109-1461-4725-8f99-01061a672957/Fig+2+distribution+of+pink+and+yellow+lady%27s+slipper+eastern+Ontario+line.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 2: The distribution of pink lady’s slipper orchid (Cypripedium acaule), on the left, and yellow lady’s slipper orchid (Cypripedium parviflorum), on the right, based on data from iNaturalist, September 2020. Most C. acaule are located north of the heavy line, where as most C. parviflorum occur south that line. The separation is not perfect, but the general pattern is suggestive. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/fe70acc0-1e69-4631-aa11-f98dc70b2449/Fig+3+SS+Ontario+geology+with+outlines_andy+fyon.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 3: General bedrock geology of eastern Ontario. Area “A” is the Canadian Shield, which consists of range of rock, many of which are considered to be acidic (pink, red, and brown colour on the image). Area “B” is also part of the Canadian Shield, but marble rocks are common (blue) Marble is a limestone that was cooked deep below the Earth’s surface. Area “C” consists of limestone, dolomite and shale rocks (blue, pale yellow and pale green colour on the map). Note, there is a small area limestone and dolomite rock, similar to the rocks in southern Ontario, but located in the Temiskaming Shores area, Area “C” consists of younger limestone, dolostone, and shale rocks that occur mainly in southern Ontario, with a small area located around Temiskaming Shores. Area C rocks are considered to be limy, calcareous rocks. The general geology from Ontario Geological Survey, OGSEarth on-line geological data. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/9d892890-e451-4bd8-9902-45ce87ec5c6b/1_IMGP2007_cinnamon_fern_Osmundastrum_cinnamomeum_fruiting_structure_Pinhey_trail_32_Ottawa_June0416_SS.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 1: The ancient cinnamon fern (Osmundastrum cinnamomeum) appears to have remained in genomic stasis for at least 180 and likely at least 220 million years. Photo by Andy Fyon, Pinhey forest trail #32, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, June 4/16. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/f8aafcb6-5a23-4082-b92e-2c1adebc9705/2_IMGP2781_interrupted%2Bfern_Osmunda_claytoniana_and_light_with_spent_fertile_leaflets_Pinhey_Forest_trail_32_Nepean_June2416_SS_Andy%2BFyon.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 2 The ancient interrupted fern (Osmunda claytoniana) is another fern that appears to have remained in genetic stasis for at least 180 and likely 220 million years. Photo by Andy Fyon, Pinhey forest trail #32, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, June 4/16. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/7c52338d-a8e9-4437-aff2-043ef2ef222b/3_P1080977_Osmunda_claytoniana_Interrupted_fern_wanapetei_water_falls_road_killarney_highway_May2612_andy%2Bfyon.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 3: The ancient interrupted fern (Osmunda claytoniana) is another fern that appears to have remained in genetic stasis for at least 180 and likely 220 million years. Photo by Andy Fyon, along the Wanapitei River, Killarney Highway, Ontario, Canada, May 26, 2012. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/a639edaf-f28e-4428-bb15-6ccd0b00801b/4_IMGP0423_royal_fern_scenic_george_lake_evening_sun_lifestyle_killarney_park_July0508_SS_andy%2Bfyon.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 4: The ancient royal fern (Osmunda regalis) is another fern that appears to have remained in genetic stasis for at least 180 and likely 220 million years. Photo by Andy Fyon, Killarney Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada, July 5, 2008. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/b1a3ba07-1263-4d15-ba8c-d6d87d305858/1_IMGP4242_Field_horsetail_Equisetum_arvense_spore_bearing_cone_paddy_creek_April2608_Andy+Fyon+SS.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 1: Spore structures of field horsetail (Equisetum arvense). Ancestors of Equisetum appear in the geological record about 325 to 300 million years ago and their remains are a component of the massive coal deposits that formed 300 million years ago. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, south of Sudbury Ontario, Canada, April 26, 2008. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/be4e3a70-8fc5-41dd-af63-f4952c7c2272/2_Photo%2B2_P1110524_geology_john_calder_calamites_Joggins_Nova_Scotia_EMMC_Sept1212_andy%2Bfyon.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 2: Calamites is an ancient relative of Equisetum (horsetail). About 325 to 300 million years ago, Calamites grew to heights up to 50 meters (165 feet) in ancient, warm, moist coal swamps. The remains of Calamites were an important component of the massive coal deposits that formed 300 million years ago. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, at the Joggins Fossil Cliffs, UNESCO World Heritage Site, Nova Scotia, Canada, Sept 12, 2012. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/70d0af3d-d5fe-4f1a-bff2-0a5b0c6b539a/3_Photo%2B3%2BIMGP6328_Fan%2BClubmoss%2BDiphasiastrum%2Bdigitatum_Burwash_hardwood_forest_May0407_andy%2Bfyon.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 3: Modern-day Fan-clubmoss (Diphasiastrum digitatum, formally known as Lycopodium digitatum) looks like a tiny cedar tree. Its ancient clubmoss ancestors, belonging to the family Lycopodiaceae, evolved between 410 million years ago and 380 million years ago. The clubmoss ancestors grew up to 40 m (130 feet) tall in the warm, moist, coal swamps about 360 to 286 million years ago. Their remains helped create great coal beds. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, at Burwash Prison Farm, south of Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, May 4, 2007. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/fbbe26d0-1117-4b26-8ada-8c9b7402d384/P1040194_Serpentine_sandwort_Minuartia_marcescens_white_Tablelands_Gros_Morne_National_Park_Newfoundland_June1711_Andy+Fyon_SS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out An excellent illustration of a substrate - plant relationship. Serpentine sandwort (Minuartia marcescens) is a serpentine endemic plant seen here growing on serpentinized, weathered, mantle dunite rock that is exposed on the land surface. The bulk chemistry of the serpentinite rock is poisonous to many plants; yet, Minuartia marcescens is one of the specially adapted plant species that is capable of growing, and thriving, on this harsh, geological substrate. Photo composed by Andy Fyon at the Tablelands, Gros Morne National Park, island of Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, June 17, 2011. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/3c91536a-9a99-41c0-93d6-64ece9644f0a/1_IMGP7233_Serpentine_substrate_Atlin_Municipal_Campground_Warm+Bay+Road_BC_July1719_Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 1: A variety of serpentinite - pine - lichen barrens located close to the town of Atlin, British Columbia, Canada. Photo by Andy Fyon: July 17/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/f3e04f83-e397-472c-b0f5-567674407bb4/2_IMG_20190717_143701_geology_Hydromagnesite_playa_alkali_flat_Atlin_BC_July1719_ppt_wasyl.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 2: A playa, of dry lake bed, filled with magnesium carbonate, partly in the form of hydromagnesite [Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·4H2O], located in Atlin, British Columbia, Canada. Photo by Andy Fyon, July 17/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/59085b30-66b1-430a-951a-44bc2de5f2ff/3_IMGP7135_geology_scenic_calcareous_tufa_substrate_Warm_Bay_Road_Atlin_BC_July1719_Andy+Fyon+ss.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 3: Open, low slope tufa located at Warm Bay, south of Atlin, British Columbia, Canada. Atlin Lake is seen in the background. Photo by Andy Fyon, July 17/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/ab20c1c9-dc9a-4e16-9dae-bca17524ab77/4_IMGP6914_habitat_calcareous_moist_meadow_warm_spring_pool_Atlin_BC_July1619_NANPS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 4: A calcareous fen developed in the Atlin tufa field, located south of Atlin, British Columbia, Canada. Photo by Andy Fyon, July 16/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/7db2d729-a412-4fde-b3a2-8e82a49c5c56/5_July1908_andy_fyon_warm_springs_atlin_BC_July1908_SS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 5: Andy Fyon getting a closer look at bubbles breaking the surface of the Atlin warm pool, located south of Atlin, British Columbia, Canada. Photo composed by E. Ginn, July 19/08. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/0515fefa-1c55-4d84-979e-f196421063d6/6_IMG1111_geology_bubbles_water_entering_Warm_Springs_Atlin_Lake_Atlin_BC_July1908_Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 6: Carbon dioxide gas (CO2) bubbles breaking the surface of the Atlin warm pool. Degassing of CO2 occurs when the confining pressure on the subterranean, groundwater is reduced as the spring approaches the land surface. Degassing of CO2 is one process that leads to precipitation of calcite as tufa. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, Atlin warn pool, located south of Atlin, British Columbia, Canada, July 19/08. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/0f21f467-8177-45f3-b2ae-702e8a84891d/7_IMG_20190717_112009_geology_calcareous+tufa_Warm_Bay_Atlin_BC_July1719_Andy+Fyon+ss.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 7: Typical consolidated Atlin tufa is: a) not well layered; b) may contain ghostly casts of plants that grew where the spring discharged; and c) is generally very porous because many cast voids formed when trapped plants decayed. The Atlin tufa area is located at Warm Bay, south of Atlin, British Columbia, Canada. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, July 17/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/8b278183-29ec-4682-8abf-28160042aa3e/8_IMG1106_geology_Warm_Springs_Atlin_Lake_Atlin_BC_July1908_Andy+Fyon+ss.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 8: The pool-creek habitat developed at the Atlin warm pool. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, July 19/08. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/4147a8fa-c036-495b-a977-3097c23592a9/9_IMG1102_geology_calcareous_tufa_Warm_Springs_Atlin_Lake_Atlin_BC_July1908_NANPS_Andy+Fyon+ss.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 9: In some areas, older tufa consists of consolidated rock where groundwater springs no longer discharge. The tufa is generally not well layered and is very porous, partly due to casts left by the decay of plants that were trapped by the precipitation of calcite. The green vegetation appears to be a Wild Chives species, possibly Wild Chives (Allium schoenoprasum). Photo composed by Andy Fyon, Atlin tufa area, July 19/08. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/3cfd5c59-7c20-46f6-9c2c-90463a9cf3c9/10_P1370576_Seep+Monkeyflower+Erythranthe+guttata_yellow_warm_pool_Atlin_BC_July1719_andy+fyon+ss.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 10: Detail of Seep Monkeyflower (Erythranthe guttata), which is abundant beside the warm pool and along the edges of creeks that drain across the calcareous fen. Image by Andy Fyon, Atlin warm pool, July 17/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/123d1ac0-3627-4308-b9b9-8f827432cae4/11_IMG_20190717_094242_Seep+Monkeyflower+Erythranthe+guttata_yellow_warm_pool_Atlin_BC_July1719_NANPS.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 11: Seep Monkeyflower (Erythranthe guttata) growing beside the Atlin warm pool. Image by Andy Fyon, Atlin warm pool, July 17/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/c540bac2-84b8-401f-83c9-bd7897d93e46/12_P1370579_Watercress+Nasturtium+officinale_white_warm_spring_pool_Atlin_BC_July1719_andy+fyon+ss.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 12: Detail of Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) growing in the Atlin warm pool. Image by Andy Fyon, July 17/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/343f5667-6b1c-4c48-80cb-d1c802cf3b7c/13_IMG_20190717_094331_Watercress+Nasturtium+officinale_white_warm_spring_pool_Atlin_BC_July1719_andy+fyon+ss.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 13: Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) growing in the Atlin warm pool. Image by Andy Fyon, July 17/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/a3ca4bd3-ab13-4e22-acdf-26035caa80eb/14_IMG_20190717_105216_Kalm%27s+Lobelia+Lobelia+kalmii_blue_geology_calcareous+tufa_Warm_Bay_Atlin_BC_July1719_NANPS_b.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 14: Kalm's Lobelia (Lobelia kalmii) grows on the wet, unconsolidated tufa. Photo by Andy Fyon, Atlin tufa, near Warm Bay, Atlin, British Columbia, Canada, July 17/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/80caec16-389f-474d-8757-34ff536b1a9e/15_IMGP7019_Marsh+Grass-of-Parnassus+Parnassia+palustris_white_calcareous_tufa_Warm_Bay_Road_Atlin_BC_July1719_andy+fyon+SS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 15: Marsh Grass-of-Parnassus (Parnassia palustris) grows on the wet, unconsolidated tufa flats area. Photo by Andy Fyon, Atlin tufa, near Warm Bay, Atlin, British Columbia, Canada, July 17/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/911a1f2e-2d43-4807-af46-39e590fd52bd/16_IMG1156_Mountain_Deathcamas_Anticlea_elegans_cream_atlin_Warm_Bay_tufa_Atlin_BC_July1908_andy+fyon+ss.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 16: Mountain Death Camas (Anticlea elegans; formerly known as Zigadenus elegans), grows on the drier, poorly vegetated unconsolidated tufa. This species contains toxic steroidal alkaloids that are poisonous to humans and domestic animals when consumed. Despite the abundant moose tracks, it appears that moose did not eat Mountain Death Camas. The white material is drier tufa consisting of broken surface crust and more consolidated tufa fragments. Atlin Lake sits is in the background. Photo by: Andy Fyon, Atlin tufa, south of Atlin, British Columbia, Canada, July 19/08. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/f7a806b9-83d7-4cdf-a095-5e0ad847cb52/17_IMGP6993_Green+Bog+Orchid+Platanthera+huronensis_calcareous_tufa_Warm_Bay_Road_Atlin_BC_July1719_andy+fyon+ss.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 17: Detail of Lake Huron Green Orchid (also known as Green Bog Orchid; Platanthera huronensis) growing on wet, unconsolidated tufa near Warm Bay, Atlin Lake, south of Atlin, British Columbia, Canada. Photo by Andy Fyon, July 17/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/cedea4f0-3798-44c9-96e3-f2db94ec09d3/18_IMGP7062_Green+Bog+Orchid+Platanthera+huronensis_calcareous_tufa_Warm_Bay_Road_Atlin_BC_July1719_andy+fyon+ss.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Phot 18: Cluster of Lake Huron Green Orchid (also known as Green Bog Orchid; Platanthera huronensis) growing on wet, unconsolidated tufa near Warm Bay, Atlin Lake, south of Atlin, British Columbia, Canada. Photo by Andy Fyon, July 17/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/3aa2a00e-fb31-4fcb-93b4-bb0223513023/19_IMGP7104_Hooded+Ladies%27+Tresses+Spiranthes+romanzoffiana_white_calcareous_tufa_substrate_Warm_Bay_Road_Atlin_BC_July1719_andy+fyon+ss.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 19: Hooded Ladies' -Tresses (Spiranthes romanzoffiana) growing on the wet unconsolidated tufa, near Warm Bay, Atlin Lake, south of Atlin, British Columbia, Canada. Photo by Andy Fyon, July 17/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/12bb4fde-6311-41b7-8b86-0ac32b542c93/20_IMGP7032_Sticky+False+Asphodel+Triantha+glutinosa_white_calcareous_tufa_Warm_Bay_Road_Atlin_BC_July1719_andy+fyon+ss.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 20: Detail of Sticky Tofieldia (also known as Sticky False Asphodel; Triantha glutinosa) growing on the wet unconsolidated tufa, near Warm Bay, Atlin Lake, south of Atlin, British Columbia, Canada. Photo by Andy Fyon, July 17/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/9768a455-1a05-4e31-8d87-cb5736f5d045/21_IMGP7034_Sticky+False+Asphodel+Triantha+glutinosa_white_calcareous_tufa_Warm_Bay_Road_Atlin_BC_July1719_andy+fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 21: Sticky Tofieldia (also known as Sticky False Asphodel; Triantha glutinosa) growing on the wet unconsolidated tufa, near Warm Bay, Atlin Lake, south of Atlin, British Columbia, Canada. Photo by Andy Fyon, July 17/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/134370b6-5eae-4a2b-a668-a531addab6fe/22_IMGP7119_Horned+Butterwort+Pinguicula+macroceras_calcareous_tufa_Warm_Bay_Road_Atlin_BC_July1719_andy+fyon+ss.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 22: Western Butterwort (also known as Horned Butterwort; Pinguicula macroceras) growing on a moss substrate on wet, unconsolidated tufa, near Warm Bay, Atlin Lake, south of Atlin, British Columbia, Canada. Photo by Andy Fyon, July 17/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/b0809a21-9a30-41fe-a3fd-e66b0eb5d2e7/23_IMGP7094_Entireleaf+Mountain-Avens+Dryas+integrifolia_leaves_calcareous_tufa_substrate_Warm_Bay_Road_Atlin_BC_July1719_NANPS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 23: Entire-leaved Mountain-Avens (Dryas integrifolia) growing on drier, white-coloured tufa, located south of Atlin British Columbia, Canada. Photo by Andy Fyon, July 17/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/edb3045b-5519-479a-8f7f-a1388d0e4018/24_IMGP7040_Northern+Goldenrod+Solidago+multiradiata_yellow_calcareous_tufa_Warm_Bay_Road_Atlin_BC_July1719_andy+fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 24: Multi-rayed Goldenrod (Solidago multiradiata) growing on an area of drier, crusty tufa, near Warm Bay, Atlin Lake, south of Atlin, British Columbia, Canada. Photo by Andy Fyon, July 17/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/89410bc3-4d16-4324-a71d-fdb689eccb60/25_IMGP7002_Shrubby+Cinquefoil+Dasiphora+fruticosa_yellow_calcareous_tufa_Warm_Bay_Road_Atlin_BC_July1719_andy+fyon+ss.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 25: Shrubby Cinquefoil (Dasiphora fruticosa) growing an a drier area of tufa, near Warm Bay, Atlin Lake, south of Atlin, British Columbia, Canada. Photo by Andy Fyon, July 17/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/7f5de45f-e3af-4e55-954b-3ce6b973253e/26_IMGP7017_Starry+False+Solomon%27s-Seal+Maianthemum+stellatum_calcareous_tufa_Warm_Bay_Road_Atlin_BC_July1719_andy+fyon+ss.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 26: Star-flowered False Solomon's Seal (also known as Starry False Solomon's-Seal, Maianthemum stellatum) growing an a drier area of tufa, near Warm Bay, Atlin Lake, south of Atlin, British Columbia, Canada. Photo by Andy Fyon, July 17/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/2fc7ff2c-2a25-4bf4-953d-a33906f5d1b8/27_IMGP7048_Balsam+Ragwort+Packera+paupercula_yellow_calcareous_tufa_Warm_Bay_Road_Atlin_BC_July1719_andy+fyon+ss.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 27: Detail of inflorescence of Balsam Ragwort (Packera paupercula), growing an a drier area of tufa, near Warm Bay, Atlin Lake, south of Atlin, British Columbia, Canada. Photo by Andy Fyon, July 17/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/4679f63e-98d3-43b6-a181-35230c5b2ba4/28_IMGP7053_Balsam+Ragwort+Packera+paupercula_yellow_calcareous_tufa_Warm_Bay_Road_Atlin_BC_July1719_andy+fyon+ss.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 28: Basal leaves of Balsam Ragwort (Packera paupercula), growing an a drier area of tufa, near Warm Bay, Atlin Lake, south of Atlin, British Columbia, Canada. Photo by Andy Fyon, July 17/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/2b3dbe93-f21f-46aa-a89a-aa5749943b74/29_IMGP7080_Yellow+Rattle+Rhinanthus+minor_yellow_calcareous_tufa_Warm_Bay_Road_Atlin_BC_July1719_andy+fyon+ss.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 29: Little Yellow Rattle (possibly Rhinanthus minor) grows on the drier areas of the calcareous fen, located near the Atlin warm pool, south of Atlin, British Columbia, Canada. Photo by Andy Fyon, July 17/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/47117531-1ba6-4809-b734-361b19df612f/IMGP7066_Common+Cowparsnip+Heracleum+maximum_white_calcareous_tufa_Warm_Bay_Road_Atlin_BC_July1719_iNat.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 30: American Cow Parsnip (Heracleum maximum) growing at the edge of the calcareous fen, adjacent to the boreal coniferous forest, located near the Atlin warm pool, south of Atlin, British Columbia, Canada. Photo by Andy Fyon, July 17/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/463eab42-5a66-4e40-bbb1-1a44fed7be74/IMGP0885_Alpine+Smelowskia+Smelowskia+americana_white_calcareous+substrate+alpine+Plateau+Mountain+Ecological+Reserve_Longview_AB+July0106_Andy+Fyon.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 1: Alpine Smelowskia (Smelowskia americana), shown here growing on an alpine meadow, on a calcareous, dolostone substrate, in the Plateau Mountain Ecological Reserve, west of Longview, Alberta, Canada, July 1, 2006. Image by Andy Fyon. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/b7156f2c-fdfd-47e4-95b3-48f3129a6eca/iNat+distribution+Smelowskia+americana+Jan2522.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 2: Distribution of Alpine Smelowskia (Smelowskia americana). Image source from E-FLORA BC: ELECTRONIC ATLAS OF THE FLORA OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, data as of January 25, 2022. Yhe colours represent different collection records. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/0d7eeea0-df9a-4cac-a99c-b6acf7840058/iNat+distribution+Alpine+Smelowskia+Smelowskia+porsildii+Jan2522.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 3: Distribution of Alpine Smelowskia (Smelowskia porsildii). Image source: Royal Botanical Gardens KEW Plants of the World Online. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/f7b1cf37-9d41-4210-b763-85664abebf83/iNat+distribution+Fernleaf+False+Candytuft+Smelowskia+media+Jan2522.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 4: Distribution of Fern-leaved smelowskia (Smelowskia media) in North America. Image soyrce: Image source: Royal Botanical Gardens KEW Plants of the World Online. Data as of January 25, 2022. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/91afacf6-d5d3-45f6-91bd-608e8fde30dd/location+of+cobalt+Googlr+Earth2.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Phot 1: Location of the town of Cobalt, Ontario, Canada. Background image is a satellite image from Google Earth. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/371ea30d-579b-4c7d-ab17-ccf4cf7ff833/Photo+2+IMGP6214_Nipissing_Hill_Lookout_Cobalt_June3018+ss+andy+fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 2: View of Nipissing Hill, seen from the town of Cobalt, Ontario, Canada. The exposed hill is the location of several former silver mines, including the Nipissing 404 Mine, and is the location of some calcicolous plants I saw. Photocomposed by Andy Fyon, June 30/18. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/dbf93169-917f-49c4-a920-43e4aa48f124/Photo+2+Nipissing+404+mine+and+calcicolous+flora+Cobalt+ON+Nov2622.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 3: Location of the town of Cobalt, Ontario, Canada, the Nipissing 404 Mine area, and the location where I saw calcicolous plants. Satellite image from Google Earth, Nov. 26/22. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/413175e3-9f09-415d-88bf-a9b3a8859e75/Photo+4+IMGP9487_Fen+Orchid+Liparis+loeselii_moss+on+soil+substrate+calcareous+drainage_Nipissing+81+Mine+Cobalt+ON+June2422_iNat.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 4: Loesel's twayblade (fen orchid) (Liparis loeselii) growing on moist, calcareous soil, Nipissing 404 Mine, Cobalt, Ontario. Photo by Andy Fyon June 24/22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/32d0c48c-881c-4c59-9e99-04e52d83f902/Photo+5+IMGP9488_Fen+Orchid+Liparis+loeselii_moss+on+soil+substrate+calcareous+drainage_Nipissing+81+Mine+Cobalt+ON+June2422_iNat2.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 5: Loesel's twayblade (fen orchid) (Liparis loeselii) growing on moist, calcareous soil, Nipissing 404 Mine, Cobalt, Ontario. Photo by Andy Fyon June 24/22. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/861f7d83-3138-4076-a506-790c845980f0/Photo+6+IMGP1610_Kalm%27s+Lobelia+Lobelia+kalmii_purple+Gowganda+conglomerate+calcareous+silver+veins+Cobalt+ON+Aug0621_FBO.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 6: Kalm's Lobelia (Lobelia kalmii) growing on moist, calcareous soil, surrounded by Gowganda Formation conglomerate rock, Nipissing 404 Mine, Cobalt, Ontario. Photo by Andy Fyon, Aug. 6/21. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/271ca41c-f6d6-46e3-b526-488b24581832/Photo+7+IMGP6266_Small_Yellow_Ladys_Slipper_Orchid_Cypripedium_parviflorum_adit_Little_Silver_Mine_site_4_Cobalt_June3018_FBO.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 7: Small yellow lady’s-slipper orchid (Cypripedium parviflorum var. makasin), in an area washed by underground, mine drainage, discharging from an adit at the Little Silver Mine, Cobalt, Ontario. Photo by Andy Fyon, June 30/18. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/465d2cb4-950d-419f-b5e3-828be2f19522/Photo+8+IMGP9498_Variegated+Horsetail+Equisetum+variegatum_calcareous+drainage_Nipissing+81+Mine+Cobalt+ON+June2422+ss+Andy+Fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 8: Variegated scouring-rush (aka variegated horsetail; Equisetum variegatum) growing on a wet, calcareous soil at the foot of the hill where the, below the Nipissing 404 Mine, Cobalt, Ontario. The broken rock is mine waste created by the historic mining. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, June 24/22. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/61c31e4b-508e-496e-add1-03cf34df0876/Photo+9+IMGP9467_Variegated+Horsetail+Equisetum+variegatum_calcareous+drainage_Nipissing+81+Mine+Cobalt+ON+June2422_ss+Andy+Fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 9: Close up of variegated scouring-rush (aka variegated horsetail; Equisetum variegatum) growing on a wet, calcareous soil at the foot of the hill where the, below the Nipissing 404 Mine, Cobalt, Ontario. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, June 24/22. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/cbd5104f-c624-446c-a4f2-f9769e218079/Photo+10+IMGP9466_Baltic+Rush+Juncus+balticus_calcareous+drainage_Nipissing+81+Mine+Cobalt+ON+June2422_iNat2.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 10: Baltic rush (Juncus balticus) growing on wet, calcareous soil, in a depression within Gowganda Formation conglomerate, Nipissing 404 Mine, Cobalt, Ontario. Photo by Andy Fyon, June 24/22. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/b71ac850-af12-4a8f-b8aa-ca2030a06bf4/Photo+11+IMGP9466_Baltic+Rush+Juncus+balticus_calcareous+drainage_Nipissing+81+Mine+Cobalt+ON+June2422_iNat.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 11: Baltic rush (Juncus balticus) growing on wet, calcareous soil, in a depression within Gowganda Formation conglomerate, Nipissing 404 Mine, Cobalt, Ontario. Canadian single-spike sedge (Carex scirpoidea var scirpoidea) grows in the background. Photo by Andy Fyon, June 24/22. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/88e254a2-ebbb-4034-9374-fa66f3097e4a/Photo+12+IMGP9476_Canadian+Single-spike+Sedge+Carex+scirpoidea+var+scirpoidea_calcareous+drainage_Nipissing+81+Mine+Cobalt+ON+June2422+ss+Andy+Fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 12: Canadian single-spike sedge (Carex scirpoidea var scirpoidea) growing on wet, calcareous substrate, Nipissing 404 Mine, Cobalt, Ontario. Photo by Andy Fyon June 24/22. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/17fd3579-22a4-4f4f-b34a-0f7807ce8734/Photo+13+Canadian+Single-spike+Sedge+Carex+scirpoidea+var+scirpoidea_calcareous+drainage_Nipissing+81+Mine+Cobalt+ON+June2422_ss+andy+fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 13: Canadian single-spike sedge (Carex scirpoidea var scirpoidea) growing on wet, calcareous substrate, Nipissing 404 Mine, Cobalt, Ontario. Photo by Andy Fyon June 24/22. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1fc459de-0a22-4d36-bf81-9e725f38384c/Photo+14+Canadian+Single-spike+Sedge+Carex+scirpoidea+var+scirpoidea_calcareous+drainage_Nipissing+81+Mine+Cobalt+ON+June2422+ss+andy+fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 14: Canadian single-spike sedge (Carex scirpoidea var scirpoidea) growing on wet, calcareous substrate, Nipissing 404 Mine, Cobalt, Ontario. Photo by Andy Fyon June 24/22. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/e97f45ab-6d3a-4259-a536-b1cf2664e01b/Photo+15+IMGP9495_Cotton+Deergrass+Trichophorum+alpinum_white_calcareous+drainage+Nipissing+81+Mine+Cobalt+ON+June2422_iNat.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 15: Cotton deergrass (Trichophorum alpinum) growing on wet, calcareous substrate, Nipissing 404 Mine, Cobalt, Ontario. Photo by Andy Fyon June 24/22. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/fe662217-7b1f-4a3a-b094-044c80a16e57/Photo+16+IMGP9464_Harebell+Complex+Complex+Campanula+rotundifolia_purple_calcareous+drainage_Nipissing+81+Mine+Cobalt+ON+June2422+ss+andy+fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 16 Harebell complex (Complex Campanula rotundifolia), with purple inflorescence, growing on wet, calcareous substrate, Nipissing 404 Mine, Cobalt, Ontario. Photo by Andy Fyon June 24/22. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/8404eab8-4767-48d3-b349-b4241ad70d77/Photo+17+IMGP9479_Harebell+Complex+Complex+Campanula+rotundifolia_white_calcareous+drainage_Nipissing+81+Mine+Cobalt+ON+June2422_ss+andy+fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 17: Harebell complex (Complex Campanula rotundifolia), with white inflorescence, growing on wet, calcareous substrate, Nipissing 404 Mine, Cobalt, Ontario. Photo by Andy Fyon June 24/22. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/021d9e33-f42c-4cfe-98f1-52ecf3a69404/IMGP9482_Alkali+Buttercup+Halerpestes+cymbalaria_yellow+moss+on+soil+substrate+calcareous+drainage_Nipissing+81+Mine+Cobalt+ON+June2422_iNat.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 18: Seaside buttercup (Halerpestes cymbalaria) growing on wet, calcareous substrate, Nipissing 404 Mine, Cobalt, Ontario. Photo by Andy Fyon June 24/22. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/b8f7600f-e83e-47fa-908d-3a80bd2ece94/Photo+19+IMGP1600_Shrubby+Cinquefoil+Dasiphora+fruticosa_Gowganda+conglomerate+calcareous+silver+veins+Cobalt+ON+Aug0621_ss+andy+fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 19: Shrubby cinquefoil (Dasiphora fruticosa) growing on moist, calcareous soil, in a bowl in Gowganda Formation conglomerate, Nipissing 404 Mine, Cobalt, Ontario. Photo by Andy Fyon, Aug. 6/21. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/e39c3ba3-5370-43ab-ac0c-34ab968d9e41/Photo+20+IMGP1595_geology_81+vein+area_Gowganda+conglomerate+Cobalt+ON+Aug0621+ss+andy+fyon2.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 20: Rusty weathering rock exposed on surface at the Nipissing 404 Mine, Cobalt, Ontario. Geologists call this type of rusty rock a gossan. Gossans form when iron sulphide minerals in the rock react with surface waters to create iron oxide (rust) and acid waters. The original rock was Gowganda Formation conglomerate. The original, unweathered iron sulphide mineral in the rock likely formed at the same time as, and as a result of, the process that formed the silver veins. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, Aug. 6/21. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/d737a97b-876d-43e2-8598-3de180cd2743/Photo+2+Bedrock+geology+Cobalt+area+Google+Earth+OGSEarth+ON+Nov2622.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 21: Very simple bedrock of the Cobalt area. Map unit A: mostly very old (Archean) basalt volcanic rocks (2700 million years old); Map Unit B: middle aged, Precambrian conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, and argillite rock, which geologists call the Gowganda Formation, Cobalt Group, Huronian Supergroup (2.2 Ga to 2450 million years old); and Map unit C: intrusions that are basalt-like in chemical composition, which geologists call the Nipissing mafic sills (2219 million years old). Geology from OGS Earth (Ontario Geological Survey) superimposed on a satellite base from Google Earth. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/57b3d597-8e7f-4df2-b35e-b99a3de8524a/Photo+22+Cobalt+regional+geology+OGSEarth+Google+Earth+Dec1022_ss+andy+fyon.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 22: The complex regional geology of the Cobalt area. Map unit A: mostly very old (Archean) basalt volcanic rocks (2700 million years old); Map Unit B: middle aged, Precambrian conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, and argillite rock, which geologists call the Huronian Supergroup (2.2 Ga to 2450 million years old); Map unit C: intrusive rocks that are basalt-like in chemical composition, which geologists call the Nipissing mafic sills (2219 million years old); Map Unit D: very old (Archean) granite intrusions (about 2700 million years old); Map Unit E: very young (Paleozoic era) shale, limestone, dolostone, and siltstone of the Liskeard Group; and Map Unit F: very young (Paleozoic era) sandstone, shale, dolostone, siltstone. The Temiskaming Rift Valley formed about 155 million years ago when the Earth started to break and spread apart. Geology from OGS Earth (Ontario Geological Survey) superimposed on a satellite base from Google Earth. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/9bc173b2-f591-4249-9775-018377dcc785/Photo+22+calcareous+crust_crop+arrows.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 23: Red arrows point to calcite precipitate on the surfaces of cobbles and mine waste rock that sit in a wet, calcareous drainage area, Nipissing 404 silver mine, Cobalt, Ontario. Photo composed by Andy Fyon June 24/22. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/817347d0-9daf-4e0c-8ecd-221401e79548/Photo+23+IMGP9470_geology_calcite+precipitate_calcareous+drainage_Nipissing+81+Mine+Cobalt+ON+June2422_SS+andy+fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 24: The white scale on the surface of this cobble is calcite. The calcite formed when groundwater that was rich in carbon dioxide gas (CO2), calcium, and carbonate components discharged onto the land surface. The discharge caused the loss of the carbon dioxide gas from the groundwater and caused the precipitation of calcite. Photo composed by Andy Fyon at the Nipissing 404 Mine, Cobalt, Ontario, June 24/22. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/dec800fc-2a0f-4524-a008-a0f0b58b3fd8/Photo+24+IMGP9489_geology_calcite+nodules+lime+scale+precipitate+calcareous+drainage+Nipissing+81+Mine+Cobalt+ON+June2422_SS+Andy+Fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 25: Calcite nodules formed when groundwater that was rich in carbon dioxide gas (CO2), calcium, and carbonate components discharged onto the land surface. The discharge caused the loss of the carbon dioxide gas from the groundwater and caused the precipitation of calcite as nodules. Photo composed by Andy Fyon at the Nipissing 404 Mine, Cobalt, Ontario, June 24/22. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/a68fd3e4-92e3-4866-938d-4470f756be33/Photo+25+IMGP9468_Variegated+Horsetail+Equisetum+variegatum_calcareous+drainage_Nipissing+81+Mine+Cobalt+ON+June2422_ss+andy+fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 26: The white scale present on the tops of moss and soil is calcite. The calcite formed when calcareous drainage evaporated and lost its dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) gas. That caused calcite to precipitate. Variegated scouring-rush (aka variegated horsetail; Equisetum variegatum) grows in this calcareous substrate. Photo composed at the Nipissing 404 Mine, Cobalt, Ontario. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, June 24/22. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/f7797b95-df51-4e7c-b12e-61792c2fbe81/Photo+26+_IMG5247_animal_red_fox_lake_ontario_park_Kingston_July2314_ss+andy+fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 27: Perhaps one of the distant relatives of the fox that was rumored to indirectly caused the prospecting rush to the area now occupied by the town of Cobalt, Ontario, Canada. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, July 23/14. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/a6a2d5b4-d2be-4739-a282-c568f4e89929/Photo+1_IMG4306_geology_present_toe_of_Athabaska_glacier_Columbia_Icefield_Alberta_July0114_Andy+Fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 1: Hummocky ground moraine in front of the Athabasca glacier, Columbia Icefield, Alberta. This ice-free landscape resembles the way parts of southern Ontario land could have looked about 35,000 years ago, minus the mountains. Image by Andy Fyon, July 1/14. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/e6230b42-134e-4618-a5cf-417db271401d/1_intro+image+Google+Earth+Image+Takhini+salt+flat+Whitehorse+Yukon+Jan2622_2.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 1: Location of the Takhini Salt Flats, west north-west of Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada. Inage created by Andy Fyon, using Google Earth. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/5b0ed03f-8b25-40cc-92f8-b6246e1d75c6/_IMGP5626_geology_scenic_Boreal+Saltwort+Salicornia+borealis_red_green_Takhini_salt_flat_YK_July0719_RRR+Andy+Fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 2: A typical view of the Takhini Salt Flats, here consisting of what salty precipitate beneath and surrounding an alkaline lake. The red colour consists mostly of the halophyte plant red glasswort (Salicornia rubra / Salicornia borealis). The mountains in the background are difficult to see because the air was smoky due to an abundance of forest fires in southern Alaska and Yukon. Photo by Andy Fyon, July 7/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/5ed9223f-791d-4fb7-a08a-87083cc63ac0/_IMG3041_takhini_salt_lake_south_of_highway_Aug0108_SS+Andy+Fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 3: A typical thermokarst alkaline lake that formed from melting soil permafrost. The red colour consists mostly of the halophyte plant red glasswort (Salicornia rubra / Salicornia borealis). Image by Andy Fyon, Takhini Salt Flats, Aug 1/08. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/3ef7ff45-af2b-42d4-ac32-965b2d34fdd0/4a_IMG3056_tahini_salt_lake_south_of_highway_Aug0111_Andy+Fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 4: An example of raw natural salt (NaCl), comprised of sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) elements, from the Goderich area, Ontario. This type of salt is used to melt roadway snow in the winter and is the basis for table salt. Image by Andy Fyon, Aug 1/11. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/d354a2fd-a4bb-47f3-a163-ed5788e6c1b6/4b_IMG3165_salt_on_log_Takhini_salt_flat_YK_Aug0108_SS+Andy+Fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 5: The white-coloured material is a sodium sulphate salt that precipitates on the Takhini Salt Flat, Yukon. In this example, saline ground or soil water was wicked up onto the surface of the soil, vegetation and an old log. That wicked saline water evaporates causing the precipitation of the mirabilite and thenardite salts. The red colour consists mostly of the halophyte plant red glasswort (Salicornia rubra / Salicornia borealis). Photo by Andy Fyon, Takhini Salt Flat, Yukon, Aug 1/08. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/45fd7549-c1ba-4b13-8d79-868f34e4d134/IMGP5609_sodium_sulphate_salt+Boreal+Saltwort+Salicornia+borealis_Takhini_salt_flat_YK_July0719+SS+Andy+Fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 6: White-coloured sodium sulphate salts, consisting of mirabilite and thenardite, precipitated on the bottom of, and as an apron around the edge of, an alkaline thermokarst lake, Takhini Salt Flat, Yukon. The red- and green-coloured vegetation is the halophyte Boreal Saltwort (Salicornia borealis). Photo by Andy Fyon July 7/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/52c7a298-6bdc-4f94-84be-d095640c3875/Photo+8_IMGP5502_aquatic_Spiral+Tasselweed_Ruppia_cirrhosa_alkali_lake_Takhini_salt_flat_YK_July0719.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 8: Spiral ditchgrass (Ruppia cirrhosa), also known informally as Spiral Tasselweed, western ditchgrass and widgeongrass. It is a native, circumpolar, perennial aquatic plant that is considered to be a halophyte. This plant was washed up on the edge of an alkaline, thermokarst lake, Takhini Salt Flat, Yukon, Canada. Photo by Andy Fyon, July 7/09. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/e8948567-1052-439e-8da2-c8869e5c0d55/IMGP5578_Baltic+Rush+Juncus+balticus_Takhini_alkali_salt_flat_YK_July0719_iNat.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 9: Baltic rush (Juncus balticus), also informally known as wire rush and wiregrass. It is a native, perennial plant. It is considered to be a halophytic plant. This plant occurred in standing water, near the edge of an alkaline, thermokarst lake, Takhini Salt Flat, Yukon, Canada. Photo by Andy Fyon, July 7/09. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/d5816708-acb5-4c9a-b9d6-46aac76091a2/IMGP5612_Boreal+Saltwort+Salicornia+borealis_red_green_Takhini_salt_flats_YK_July0719_SS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 10: Lake edge habitat consists on wet sodium sulphate salt that is not entirely covered by water. In the front, the lake edge is low in slope, contains depressions that are water filled, and defines a broad apron around the alkaline lake. In the distance, the lake edge habitat is less broad and terminated abruptly against a meadow grassland habitat (zone 4). The red- and green-coloured plant is Boreal Saltwort (Salicornia borealis). Photo by Andy Fyon, on the Takhini Salt Flats, Yukon, July 7/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/ba308e8a-fb63-4a2c-b733-8a2ee8911d60/IMGP5430_purple+sulphur+bacteria_Lamprocystis+purpurea_lake+edge_Takhini_salt+flats_YK_July0719_SS+Andy+Fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 11: Lake edge habitat extends from the edge of the magenta-coloured purple sulphur bacteria (Lamprocystis purpurea) in the lake to the right and top of the photo. Immediately at the contact between the lake and lake edge habitat are polygonal disks of salt crusts. Those polygonal disks are similar to desiccation cracks, suggesting the lake edge salt deposit is drying. Farther away from the narrow zone of desiccation disks are faint lines in the salt flat, developed parallel to the lake edge, that likely mark former lake levels. I assume those stranded, or raised, lake level lines develop seasonally as the lake evaporates and deposits salts on the substrate. Photo by Andy Fyon, Takhini Salt Flats, Yukon, July 7/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/782531ee-0f6a-48aa-8e1a-d9cf18423a15/_IMG3162_salt_on_log_Boreal_Saltwort_Salicornia_borealis_red_Takhini_salt_flat_YK_Aug0108_fb2_ppt_SS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 12: Red glasswort (Salicornia rubra / Salicornia borealis), also known informally as boreal saltwort, red saltwort, red samphire, red swampfire, and Arctic glasswort and Boreal Glasswort, is the most distinctive species of the lake edge zone. Early growth of this annual halophytic plant are green coloured, while late in the season, the plant assumes a red colour. That blanket of red is a distinctive floristic feature of the Takhini Salt Flats. The raised white feature in this photo is a log that served as a substrate to wick up saline water, which evaporated to precipitate the white sodium sulphate salt. Photo by Andy Fyon, Takhini Salt Flat, Yukon, Aug. 1/08. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/a1627359-2da7-4e55-9605-3f9e71995d6f/_IMG3043_Boreal_Glasswort_Salicornia_borealis_Takhini_salt_flat_YK_Aug0108_SS+Andy+Fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 13: Red glasswort (Salicornia rubra / Salicornia borealis) showing the green and red colours of vegetative growth. The early vegetative growth of this annual, succulent halophyte plant is green. Later in the growth season, the vegetation turns red in colour. Photo by Andy Fyon, Takhini Salt Flats, Yukon, Aug. 1/08. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/b0957626-5773-4aac-b194-f8733b32c9b5/IMGP5401_Salt+Cress_Eutrema+salsugineum_white_Takhini_alkali_salt_flat_YK_July0719_iNat.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 14: Possible saltwater cress (Eutrema salsugineum) growing close to a lake edge that is transitional to salt flats. Growing with Eutrema salsugineum is red glasswort (Salicornia rubra / Salicornia borealis). Photo by Andy Fyon, Takhini Salt Flats, Yukon, July 7/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/5d0df88f-11c2-4469-92cc-7dcf3c268739/P1370486_Horned+Seablite+Suaeda+calceoliformis_Takhini_salt_flat_YK_July0719_ss+Andy+Fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 15: Pursh's seepweed (Suaeda calceoliformis) growing at the edge of a lake, on the salt substrate. It is also informally known as horned seablite, horned sea-blite, American seablite, pahuteweed, paiuteweed, plains sea-blite, and western sea-blite and Pursh seepweed and horned seablite. It is a native, annual halophyte found in North America and grows in areas of high soil salinity and alkalinity. Early in the growing season, the plants are green in colour, but often turn dark red or become spotted with dark red colour later in the season, like red glasswort (Salicornia rubra / Salicornia borealis). Photo by Andy Fyon, Takhini Salt Flat, Yukon, July 7/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/a7a6750c-72a8-4b0f-9a21-47ad01a340f0/IMG_20190707_141258_Horned+Seablite+Suaeda+calceoliformis_Takhini_salt_flat_YK_July0719_RRR_SS+Andy+Fyon.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 16: Pursh's seepweed (Suaeda calceoliformis) growing at the edge of a lake, on the salt substrate. It is also informally known as horned seablite, horned sea-blite, American seablite, pahuteweed, paiuteweed, plains sea-blite, and western sea-blite and Pursh seepweed and horned seablite. It is a native, annual halophyte. The red colour seen in the lake, in the background, is a variety of purple sulphur bacteria. Photo by Andy Fyon, Takhini Salt Flat, Yukon, July 7/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/fae06440-7fd5-435b-b4fd-ea4d5576ed83/IMGP5422_Common+Arrowgrass+Triglochin+maritima_Takhini_salt_flats_YK_July0719_SS+Andy+Fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 17: Salt flat ranging from the lake edge to the forest edge, on the Takhini Salt Flats, Yukon, Canada. The salt flat is best see in the upper third of the photo. The narrow gap between standing lake water and the first vegetation constitutes the lake edge zone. The white-coloured area between the start of the vegetation and the wooded area constitutes the salt flat, which slopes upward away from the lake edge. The vegetation on the salt flat consists of common arrowgrass (Triglochin maritima), seen in the foreground, and foxtail barley (Hordeum jubatum), seen with the common arrowgrass. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, Takhini Salt Flats, Yukon, Canada, July 7/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/d3b92ebc-96d2-465c-911c-011a73aa83d1/IMG_20190707_121233_Alkali+Buttercup+Halerpestes+cymbalaria_Takhini_salt_flat_YK_July0719+Andy+Fyon.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 18: Seaside buttercup (Halerpestes cymbalaria) growing on saline substrate, Takhini Salt Flat, Yukon, Canada. Photo by Andy Fyon, July 7/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/97b1c160-97f4-40c7-bed4-bd7e2058c439/IMGP5436_Alkali+Buttercup+Halerpestes+cymbalaria_Takhini_salt_flat_YK_July0719_Andy+Fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 19: Seaside buttercup (Halerpestes cymbalaria) growing on saline meadow grassland, Takhini Salt Flat, Yukon, Canada. Although the substrate appears to contain some salt, to my eye, mineral grains other than salt appear to be present. Photo by Andy Fyon, July 7/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/7d8285d8-4cc8-48d9-adb0-563627b40686/P1370482_Sea+Milkwort+Lysimachia+maritima_white_Takhini_salt_flat_YK_July0719_SS+Andy+Fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 20: Sea milkwort (Lysimachia maritima) growing on the saline substrate of Takhini Salt Flats, Yukon. It is known informally as sea milkweed and black saltwort and saltwort. It is a low growing, succulent, perennial, halophyte herb that tolerates high salinity and long periods submerged under water. Like most halophytes, L. maritima has specialized mechanisms to cope with high concentrations of salt in the rooting zone of its habitat, including salt glands on the leaf surfaces that secrete excess salt which would ordinarily injure plant tissue. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, July 7/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/52b775fb-d5aa-414b-9cd4-17d33366a12f/IMGP5396_Sea+Milkwort+Lysimachia+maritima_white_Takhini_alkali_salt_flat_YK_July0719_iNat.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 21: Sea Milkwort (Lysimachia maritima) in bloom. This halophytic plant was growing on moist saline substrate in the transition between the salt flat habitat (zone 3) and moist meadow grassland habitat (zone 4). Photo composed by Andy Fyon, Takhini Salt Flats, Yukon, July 7/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/38046c62-a079-4d06-a67d-5fc9f059747c/IMGP5487_Nuttall%27s+Alkali+Grass+Puccinellia+nuttalliana_Takhini_salt_flat_YK_July0719_iNat+Andy+Fyon+ss.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 22: Very poor photo of what is likely Nuttall's alkaligrass (Puccinellia nuttalliana). Precipitated salt deposits are abundant in this area and have formed extensive crusts on the vegetation. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, Takhini Salt Flat, Yukon, Canada, July 7/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/66b2328d-9aa9-4208-892d-7432c3e7b97e/IMGP5607_Boreal+Saltwort+Salicornia+borealis_Takhini_salt_flat_YK_July0719_SS+Fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 23: Very poor image showing the habitat context for Nuttall's alkaligrass (Puccinellia nuttalliana), seen as clumps associated with red-coloured red glasswort (Salicornia rubra / Salicornia borealis), on a substrate rich in sodium sulphate salt deposits, Takhini Salt Flats, Yukon, Canada, July 7/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/58d9d4c0-3d0f-49cd-b254-77b30c7870b2/IMGP5434_Common+Arrowgrass+Triglochin+maritima_Takhini_salt_flat_YK_July0719_ss+Fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 24: Seaside arrowgrass (Triglochin maritima) growing on a moist, pasty, salt flat. Photo by Andy Fyon, Takhini Salt Flat, Yukon, Canada, July 7/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/fe1343cc-6177-4a7c-ab0d-3e19df7cc64c/IMGP5467_Foxtail+Barley+Hordeum+jubatum_Takhini_salt+flats_YK_July0719+Andy+Fyon_SS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 25: Foxtail barley (Hordeum jubatum) growing on a salt flat habitat. Photo by Andy Fyon, Takhini Salt Flats, Yukon, Canada, July 7/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/15a3509d-244b-4be5-8e39-b779a9e89bae/_IMG3094_Seaside_Arrowgrass_Triglochin_maritima_and_Foxtail_barley_Hordeum_jubatum_takhini_salt_flats_YK_Aug0108_ss+Fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 26: Foxtail barley (Hordeum jubatum) and seaside arrowgrass (Triglochin maritima) growing on the lake edge / salt flat habitat. This is a good illustration of my arbitrary classification of habitats. The sloping salt flat exists as a apron around the edge of the lake. This habitat resembles a former lake bottom that has become exposed as the result of a drop in the lake level, perhaps because of evaporation or decreased recharge. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, Takhini Salt Flats, Yukon, Canada, Aug 1/08. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/696925bd-7fc5-4da0-b602-441db8814af7/_IMG3047_Common_Yarrow_Achillea_millefolium_white_Foxtail_Barley_Takhini_Salt_Flats_YK_Aug0108_ss+Fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 27: Meadow grassland habitat that supports white-coloured common yarrow (Achillea millefolium) and foxtail barley (Hordeum jubatum). The meadow grassland vegetation grew on a raised edge around the lake, as suggested in this photo, and other times, more as a flat. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, Takhini Salt Flats, Yukon, Canada, Aug. 1/08. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/0e7013ad-8dbd-4322-8029-a7628c73ff29/IMGP5645_geology_scenic_meadow_lake_Takhini_salt_flat_YK_July0719_ss_Fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 28: Vegetated areas that I am calling meadow grassland habitat. Sometimes these meadow grasslands are moist and underlain by salt deposits. In other places, the meadow grasslands are dry and underlain by silty soil that appears to have a low salt content. Image by Andy Fyon, Takhini Salt Flats, Yukon, Canada, July 7/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/0dbeca11-ad53-40df-8874-1a0d48db084b/IMGP5505_geology_black_manganese_crust_Takhini_salt_flat_YK_July0719_ss_Fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 29: In one transition area between the meadow grassland habitat and salt flat habitat, black-coloured crust occurred. The black-coloured crust resembled a manganese crust, but that is speculation. Image by Andy Fyon, Takhini Salt Flat, Yukon, Canada, July 7/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/4aa4fc4b-25c4-4b85-a888-6a53e9f610ed/meadow+habitat+collage+April1522.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 30: An illustration of the gradation between the habitats on the Takhini Salt Flat. The red-coloured plant is red glasswort (Salicornia rubra / Salicornia borealis), which grows on the lake edge and moist salt flat habitat. Boreal forest stands on the raised land that surrounds the thermokarst lake basin. In the background, you see the transition between what I call the meadow grassland habitat and boreal forest and the lake basin. Photo by Andy Fyon, Takhini Salt Flats, Yukon, Canada, Aug. 1/08. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/acadebdf-1b6b-4a0c-89bc-99f90e1c3b29/IMGP5479_Loose-flower+Milkvetch+Astragalus+tenellus_yellow_Takhini_alkali_flats_YK_July0719_iNat.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 31: Detailed view of loose-flower milkvetch (Astragalus tenellus) growing on open, dry, soil typical of the meadow grassland habitat, Takhini Salt Flats, Yukon, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, July 7/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/94e75ede-a0aa-45d2-ac09-c7849d21345a/IMGP5481_Loose-flower+Milkvetch+Astragalus+tenellus_yellow_Takhini_salt_flats_YK_July0719_ss+Fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 32: Loose-flower Milkvetch (Astragalus tenellus) growing on drier substrate that appears to be a mix of sodium sulphate salt and silicate mineral soil. This habitat appears to be transitional between dry salt flat habitat and dry meadow grassland habitat. Photo by Andy Fyon, Takhini Salt Flats, Yukon, Canada, July 7/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/b06319bf-c521-4884-81a0-4ee02f859bd6/IMGP5408_Jones+Primrose+Primula+incana_pink_Takhini_alkali_salt_flat_YK_July0719_iNat.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 33: Mealy primrose (Primula incana) growing on moist meadow grasslands, Takhini Salt Flats. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, Takhini Salt Flats, Yukon, Canada, July 7/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/9ec64fd2-84db-401c-9552-63e884a8a5d2/IMGP5405_Jones+Primrose+Primula+incana_pink_Takhini_alkali_salt_flat_YK_July0719_iNat.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 34: Mealy primrose (Primula incana) is often heavily farinose, characterized by the presence of a white, mealy powder on its vegetative parts. That is one distinctive identification criterion that I find invaluable to identify this primrose species. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, Takhini Salt Flats, Yukon, Canada, July 7/19. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/4430e0f8-72f6-4c6f-8b61-7835dc1fa938/Takhini+plant+habitat+April1022_SS_test+%281%29.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 7: An incomplete listing of plants that I (Andy Fyon) photographed on the Takhini Salt Flats, Yukon, Canada. The species are classified according to the simple habitat scheme of lake, lake edge, salt flat, and meadow. The “X” indicated the species occurred in a particular habitat. The habitat classification is simplistic. Species identification was confirmed on iNaturalist.ca, under the account of Andy Fyon. April 16, 2022 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/97e7d96b-46a6-443b-ade3-1c4c1cb5b76c/Location+Pukaskwa+National+Park+Google+Earth+Aig0822_ppt.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 1: Location of Pukaskwa National Park, Ontario, Canada. The park is located on the north shore of Lake Superior. The cold water body of Lake Superior helps create a local micro-climate that supports Arctic disjunct plants. Image base from Google Earth. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/4ebb033e-6633-4015-a5d8-e67a0b7efd11/IMGP6659_Encrusted+Saxifrage+Saxifraga+paniculata_white_diabase+substrate_headland+north+end+of+north+beach+Pukaskwa+National+Park+ON+June0722_iNat_SS+Andy+Fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 2: The calcicolous encrusted saxifrage (Saxifraga paniculata) is one of the Arctic disjunct plant species that grows along the Lake Superior coast. This species was growing on smooth-surfaced, diabase dike headland between the Pic River and the north end of north beach, Pukaskwa National Park, Ontario, Canada. Photo by Andy Fyon, June 7, 2022. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/0f616a15-89f2-446c-b81f-291b49050d2d/IMGP6759+fog+lake+superior+coast+Manitou+miikana+trail+Pukaskwa+National+Park+ON+June0922_fb_SS_Andy+Fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 3: Coastal fog along the Lake Superior coast, seen from the Manitou miikana trail, is one factor that helps create an habitat suitable for the Arctic disjunct plants. Pukaskwa National Park, Ontario, Canada. Photo by Andy Fyon, June 9, 2022. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1c587f5b-23ff-4218-94d3-3ee45e0c42fe/4_other+headlands+Pic+River+to+southern+headlands+Pukaskaw+Google+Earth+Aug0922_ss+andy+fyon.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 4: The calcicolous, encrusted saxifrage (Saxifraga paniculata) is very abundant growing on deformed pillow basalt in the area enclosed by the red ellipse. Conversely, very few encrusted saxifrage plants occur along the northwest edge of the Southern Headland, which is underlain by well preserved pillow basalt. The abundance of S. paniculata along this segment of the Southern Headland trail, on this part of the headland, appears to reflect the presence of highly deformed basalt substrate. Image base from Google Earth, August 9, 2022. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/de8ba8d8-aa86-44bb-863e-74b152c66fcc/5_abundant+encrusted+saxifrage+southern+headlands+trail+pukaskaw+Google+Earth+Aug0922+ss+andy+fyon.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 5: Other headlands and rocky outcrops occur along the Lake Superior coast between the Pic River and the Southern Headland. Qualitatively, my assessment is that encrusted saxifrage (Saxifraga paniculata) is not abundant, and in some cases is absent, on the rocky areas marked by brown stars. The area of abundant Saxifraga paniculata on the southern edge of the Southern Headland trail is marked by the red star and the red ellipse. Google Earth image base. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/ab8bfdcc-5cec-4036-8df5-4309e398d922/_IMG9523_geology_Amabel_dolostone_Mississagi+Lighthouse_Manitoulin+Island+ON+July1115_SS+andy+fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 6: Amabel formation dolostone is a common calcareous rock found in southern Ontario. Photo: Andy Fyon, Mississagi Lighthouse, Manitoulin Island, Ontario, July 11, 2015. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/08f8ff9a-4bd1-4046-944f-85bbc26af41c/IMGP6440_geology_pillow+basalt+southern+headlands+trail+Pukaskwa+National+Park+ON+June0722_ss_andy+fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 7: Well preserved, bun shaped pillow features occur in an ancient basalt lava that is exposed along the northwest edge of the Southern Headland, adjacent to Horseshoe Bay, Pukaskwa National Park. The remarkably well preserved pillow features are important clues telling the geologist that this rock has not been highly deformed. Photo: Andy Fyon, June 7, 2022. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/f0139124-823c-44d5-a43b-72c2e23aa5e7/IMGP6786_geology_gabbro+or+coarse+grained+basalt+tip+of+Manitou+miikana+trail+Pukaskwa+National+Park+ON+June0922_ss_andy+fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 8: A well preserved gabbro or coarse grained basalt igneous rock exposed at the tip of Manitou miikana trail, Pukaskwa National Park. It is difficult to distinguish between gabbro, which is an intrusive igneous rock, and coarse-grained basalt, which is an igneous volcanic rock, where cross-cutting relationships, also known as intrusive relationships, are not visible. This rock is not highly deformed and supports only a few encrusted saxifrage plants. Photo: Andy Fyon, June 9, 2022. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/74506389-419b-4333-a4cb-328d2c43ede8/IMGP6382_geology_diabase+southern+headland+trail+Pukaskwa+National+Park+ON+June0722_SS_Andy+Fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 9: Diabase dike, an igneous rock, exposed along the Southern Headland trail, Pukaskwa National Park. Photo: Andy Fyon, June 7, 2022. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/e2b79e4a-80fe-4b46-987d-b97027ff550a/IMGP6441_geology_pillow+basalt+southern+headlands+trail+Pukaskwa+National+Park+ON+June0722_ss_andy+fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 10: Close view of bun-shaped pillow features preserved in pillow basalt, exposed along the northwest edge of the Southern Headland. These pillow basalt lavas are remarkably well preserved for a rock that is about 2750 million years ago. Photo: Andy Fyon, Pukaskwa National Park, June 7, 2022. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/6c8856f7-437b-479b-9058-6c00c9b9b57b/11_IMGP7069_geology_sheared_pillow+basalt+Southern+Headlands+trail+Pukaskwa+National+Park+ON+June1022_ss+andy+fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 11: Highly deformed pillow basalt exposed along the southeast edge of the Southern Headland trail. The wavy lines seen on the surface are created by thin layers of deformed basalt. They resemble pages of a book standing vertically on the rock surface. Photo: Andy Fyon, June 10, 2022. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/b172e70c-01e8-4439-99a8-75dbbf81269d/12_abundant+encrusted+saxifrage+southern+headland+trail+pukaskwa+Google+Earth+Aug0922_ss+andy+fyon.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 12: Along the Southern Headland trail, a zone of highly deformed pillow basalt lies between the two red arrows. The intense deformation transformed the pillow basalt into thin layers of rock that resemble pages of a book. This outcrop occurs in the area of the information sign describing Arctic disjunct plants. Many plants of encrusted saxifrage (Saxifraga paniculata) grow in the shallow crevices created by the near vertical layers of highly deformed pillow basalt. Photo: Andy Fyon, June 10, 2022. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/efed067b-258a-4bcf-b573-9e7a0e10698c/13_IMGP7076_geology_sheared+pillow+basalt+Southern+Headlands+trail+Pukaskwa+National+Park+ON+June1022_ss+andy+fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 13: Highly deformed pillow basalt exposed along the southeast edge of the Southern Headland trail. Encrusted saxifrage (Saxifraga paniculata) plants are abundant growing on this highly deformed basalt. The deformation transformed the basalt into thin, near vertical layers that resemble pages in a book. The geological process that deformed the basalt helped to liberate the calcium from the rock. That liberated calcium is more available to calcicolous plants like Saxifraga paniculata. Photo: Andy Fyon, June 10. 2022. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/632c9e4f-13d0-465e-b696-e5af8360953b/IMGP6405_geology_basalt_white+lie+calcareous+scale_southern+headland+trail+Pukaskwa+National+Park+ON+June0722_ss+andy+fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 14: In places, the surfaces of the highly deformed basalt are coated a white-coloured scale that resembles calcite-rich precipitate called lime scale, as illustrated by the white-coloured deposits shown in this photo. That calcareous material presumably formed when calcite-saturated groundwater reacted with the atmosphere, degassed its CO2 gas, and calcite precipitated. More work is required to validate the presence of lime scale, which I saw only on the highly deformed pillow basalt, Southern Headland trail, Pukaskwa National Park. Photo: Andy Fyon, June 7, 2022. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/ef3a62c3-ef90-4b95-b08b-5abb021f93e6/15_encrusted+saxifrage+in+crevices+in+seared+basalt+southern+headland+trail+pukaskwa+Google+Earth+June1022_ss_andy+fyon.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 15: Many plants of encrusted saxifrage (Saxifraga paniculata) grow in the shallow crevices created by weathering and erosion of the weaker, near vertical layers, of highly deformed pillow basalt, Southern Headland trail, Pukaskwa National Park. Google Earth Photo: Andy Fyon, June 10, 2022. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/a116faab-7204-4ce7-a8f8-de79ed966d8e/IMGP6669_Encrusted+Saxifrage+Saxifraga+paniculata_white_diabase+substrate_headland+north+end+of+north+beach+Pukaskwa+National+Park+ON+June0722_iNat.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 16: Calcicolous, Arctic disjunct encrusted Saxifrage (Saxifraga paniculata), just coming into flower. This plant is growing a an outcrop of diabase dike, at the north end of North Beach, close to the Pic River. The plant is one of few I saw north of the Southern Headland trail, Pukaskwa National Park. Photo: Andy Fyon, June 7, 2022. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/e3590a66-1444-4abd-bd51-b70f12c36950/Paris+tufa+seep+Nith+River+Jan0723.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 1: Location of the Paris tufa, close to the Nith River, Paris, Ontario, Canada. Location map created using Google Earth satellite base. The blue “X” shows a parking area. At the time of visit (Sept 21/22), there was a lot of construction between Victoria Park and the Nith River, rendering that area impassable. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/713c472d-1c27-4e1c-9e40-187879f7b743/Photo+2+PXL_20220921_140041795+geology_flowing+water+calcareous+seep+calcareous+tufa+Paris+ON+Sept2122_ss+andy+fyon.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 2: A piece of loose tufa from the Paris tufa deposit. Note the very porous nature of the tufa material. Photo by: Andy Fyon, Sept. 21/22. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/d72bd6e2-864f-4ae7-af2e-1044af09bcc1/Photo+3+bedrock+Paris+tufa+area+Feb1923.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 3: Simplified bedrock of the Paris tufa area. The tufa is located at the pin with the associated Latitude and Longitude. Each colour represents a different geological unit. The numbers associated with each map coloured unit are keyed to the rock description below. Geology from OGS Earth superimposed on a Google Earth image. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/ccc39ee5-83b4-48f7-9ad1-28aa3c105ae2/surficial+geology+Paris+tufa+OGS+Earth+Feb1723.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 4: Surficial geology map of the Paris tufa area. The different geological deposits are coloured in different colours: Brown: modern alluvial deposits; Red lines: fluvial terraces; Sand-yellow Glaciolfluvial deposits; dark green: unsubdivided glacial till; lime green: Stone-poor, sandy silt to silty sand till; and mauve: old Paleozoic bedrock. This bedrock would not normally be included on the surficial geology map, but I have done so because the rock is not covered by any surficial material. Surficial geology map from OGS Earth. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/cfe3a6e2-06aa-4c2e-90ab-61060ad30845/Photo+5+IMGP2276_geology_calcareous+seep+and+precipitate+on+rocks+tufa+seep+Paris+ON+Sept2122_ss+Andy+Fyon.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 5: Blocky deposits of tufa located several meters fron the groundwater discharge site, in an area of active and continuous water flow. Image by: Andy Fyon, Sept. 21, 2022. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/b4543706-e894-4bbf-b442-7dedac876e71/Photo+6+PXL_20220921_143143065_geology_tufa+terraces+flowing+water+calcareous+seep+calcareous+tufa+Paris+ON+Sept2122+ss+andy+fyon.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 6: Tufa steps located at the base of the area where the discharged groundwater flows towards a wetland. Image by: Andy Fyon, Sept. 21, 2022. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/780fc57b-27c0-4694-80e2-91d50f2e535c/Photo+7+PXL_20220921_144044145_geology_+flowing+water+calcareous+seep+calcareous+tufa+Paris+ON+Sept2122_ss+andy+fyon.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 7: The white, crusty material appears to be calcite that has precipitated on moss and other vegetation. Image by: Andy Fyon, Sept. 21, 2022. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/97ec6875-011e-49eb-a5d0-0172e968913f/Photo+8+discharge+zone+calcareous+groundwater+paris+seep+tufa+ss+andy+fyon.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 8: The approximate discharge site of the groundwater seep occurs at the base of a till deposit, Image by: Andy Fyon, Sept 21, 2022. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/631ed12b-d363-4246-8b4b-2bf1fe30c66c/PXL_20220921_135513666_geology_pH+of+water+at+calcareous+tufa+seep+Paris+ON+Sept2122_fb.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 9: The approximate pH of the surface water covering the Paris tufa is about .7.0. Image by Andy Fyon, Sept. 21.22. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/d035668a-b05e-40d0-aab1-58a27256bf70/Photo+9+IMGP2311_White+Turtlehead+Chelone+glabra_white+calcareous+drainage_tufa+seep+Paris+ON+Sept2122_ss.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 10: White Turtlehead (Chelone glabra) growing in a wet area of active drainage on calcareous tufa substrate. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, at the Paris tufa, Paris Ontario, Sept. 2122. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/6c689b10-9162-4576-82a9-1af0dbaec31a/Photo+10+IMGP2312_White+Turtlehead+Chelone+glabra_white+calcareous+drainage_tufa+seep+Paris+ON+Sept2122_SS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 11: More detail of White Turtlehead (Chelone glabra) growing in a wet area of active drainage on calcareous tufa substrate. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, at the Paris tufa, Paris Ontario, Sept. 2122. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/c0a68b87-f52f-448c-94bc-3c1564574d9d/Photo+11+IMGP2281_Spotted+Jewelweed+Impatiens+capensis_orange_calcareous+tufa+seep+Paris+ON+Sept2122_SS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 12: Spotted jewelweed (Impatiens capensis) growing growing in a wet area of active drainage on calcareous tufa substrate. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, at the Paris tufa, Paris Ontario, Sept. 2122. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/0ca0b9ec-a7c5-4e59-bab1-c85f9b498765/IMGP2313_Swamp+Aster+Symphyotrichum+puniceum_purple_white+calcareous+drainage_tufa+seep+Paris+ON+Sept2122_iNat.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 13: Swamp aster (Symphyotrichum puniceum) growing growing in a wet area of active drainage on calcareous tufa substrate. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, at the Paris tufa, Paris Ontario, Sept. 2122. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/be11db5a-6529-4b39-b917-8c09fab886b5/IMGP2315_Swamp+Aster+Symphyotrichum+puniceum_purple_white+calcareous+drainage_tufa+seep+Paris+ON+Sept2122_iNat.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 14: Profile of swamp aster (Symphyotrichum puniceum) growing growing in a wet area of active drainage on calcareous tufa substrate. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, at the Paris tufa, Paris Ontario, Sept. 2122. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/426d6a57-d975-404e-bec8-90239d33c0d6/IMGP2266_Broad-leaved+Goldenrod+Solidago+flexicaulis_yellow_ravine+tufa+seep+Paris+ON+Sept2122_iNat.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 15: Zigzag goldenrod (Solidago flexicaulis) growing growing in a wet area of active drainage on calcareous tufa substrate. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, at the Paris tufa, Paris Ontario, Sept. 2122. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/28c88abc-cf94-4929-a0cb-f5062e73b6f1/Photo+1+IMGP2306_Great+Blue+Lobelia+Lobelia+siphilitica_purple+calcareous+drainage_tufa+seep+Paris+ON+Sept2122_iNat.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 16: Great blue lobelia (Lobelia siphilitica) growing growing in a wet area of active drainage on calcareous tufa substrate. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, at the Paris tufa, Paris Ontario, Sept. 2122. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/19dcc9f7-6d64-49fc-89d0-554d352be318/Photo+2+IMGP2307_Great+Blue+Lobelia+Lobelia+siphilitica_purple+calcareous+drainage_tufa+seep+Paris+ON+Sept2122_iNat.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 17: Great blue lobelia (Lobelia siphilitica) growing growing in a wet area of active drainage on calcareous tufa substrate. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, at the Paris tufa, Paris Ontario, Sept. 2122. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/91c84abc-2040-48e0-9cb6-0ef8a64f0964/Photo+17+IMGP2286_Bulblet+Fern+Cystopteris+bulbifera+wet+calcareous+substrate+tufa+seep+Paris+ON+Sept2122_iNat.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 18: Bulblet fern (Cystopteris bulbifera) growing growing in a wet area of active drainage on calcareous tufa substrate. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, at the Paris tufa, Paris Ontario, Sept. 2122. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/b1d3dbcc-add4-42ce-b9a0-d9371cef3f7e/Photo+18+IMGP2287_Bulblet+Fern+Cystopteris+bulbifera+wet+calcareous+substrate+tufa+seep+Paris+ON+Sept2122_iNat.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 19: One bulblet visible of this frond of bulblet fern (Cystopteris bulbifera) growing growing in a wet area of active drainage on calcareous tufa substrate. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, at the Paris tufa, Paris Ontario, Sept. 2122. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/02dd63d7-044a-4396-b863-5ced3689afae/PXL_20220921_144603386_Snakewort+Conocephalum+salebrosum_thallose+liverwort+calcareous+seep+calcareous+tufa+Paris+ON+Sept2122_iNat.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 20: Thallose liverwort (Conocephalum salebrosum) growing in a wet area of active drainage on calcareous tufa substrate. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, at the Paris tufa, Paris Ontario, Sept. 2122. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/ddc6c5c7-aabf-498e-bee1-c04bf53f69dc/PXL_20220921_144608349_Snakewort+Conocephalum+salebrosum_thallose+liverwort+moss+substrate+calcareous+seep+calcareous+tufa+Paris+ON+Sept2122_iNat.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 21: Thallose liverwort (Conocephalum salebrosum) growing on a wet, mossy substrate immediately beside the calcareous Paris tufa. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, at the Paris tufa, Paris Ontario, Sept. 2122. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/7689ef32-a7fc-4adf-b616-120f99dd1187/Photo+1+PXL_20250726_165317208+Rock+Spikemoss+Selaginella+rupestris+south+facing+serpentinite+substrate+Midlothian+Asbestos+Mine+ON+July2625+SS.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 1: A mat-form of Rock Spikemoss (Selaginella rupestris) growing on a south-facing serpentinite slope. Location: former Midlothian Asbestos Mine, Ontario, Canada, July 26, 2025. Photo by Andy Fyon. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/6d01b2c6-4fb6-42f2-a749-799ba9542e23/Photo+2+IMGP7826+Rock+Spikemoss+Selaginella+rupestris+north+facing+serpentinite+substrate+Midlothian+Asbestos+Mine+ON+July2625+SS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 2: Rock spikemoss (Selaginella rupestris) can be confused as a moss when viewed superficially. Location: former Midlothian Asbestos Mine, Ontario, Canada, July 25, 2025. Photo by Andy Fyon. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/2112b857-85c7-4184-b37d-0b6db18ca18a/Photo+3+PXL_20250725_180453146+Rock+Spikemoss+Selaginella+rupestris+south+facing+serpentinite+substrate+Midlothian+Asbestos+Mine+ON+July2625+SS.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 3: Rock spikemoss (Selaginella rupestris) can be confused as a clubmoss when viewed superficially. Location: former Midlothian Asbestos Mine, Ontario, Canada, July 25, 2025. Photo by Andy Fyon. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/b882099f-2be4-4f60-bc08-3855cb976295/Photo+4+Midlothian+Mine+spikemoss+habitat.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 4: The red arrow points to the location of a south-facing, serpentinite outcrop that was fully exposed to the Sun, which was hot and dry. Rock spikemoss (Selaginella rupestris) was growing on this serpentinite outcrop. Location: former Midlothian Asbestos Mine, Ontario, Canada, July 25, 2025. Drone image by Andy Fyon. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/81ffeb69-aaba-4849-aebc-ddbc0ac56bcc/Photo+5+PXL_20250728_164000475+habitat+north+facing+serpentinite+Midlothian+Asbestos+Mine+ON+Jult2825+SS.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 5: Rock spikemoss (Selaginella rupestris) was growing on this lichen-covered, north-northeast-facing serpentinite outcrop. Location: former Midlothian Asbestos Mine, Ontario, Canada, July 25, 2025. Photo by Andy Fyon. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/26ec8431-35ee-4e20-bbdb-2067f82c2587/Photo+1+P1090344_Richardson%27s+bitterweed+Hymenoxys+richardsonii_yellow_Avonlea_badlands_SK_June1212+Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 1: Richardson's bitterweed (Hymenoxys richardsonii) in full bloom in the Avonlea badlands, Saskatchewan, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, June 12, 2012. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/5eb21fb6-f1f4-4b69-b19a-e1288b2dc8fc/Photo+TL+P1040228_Libby_Tablelands_Gros_Morne_National_Park_Newfoundland_June1711+Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 2: The orange serpentinite rock is almost free of vegetation because its chemistry is poisonous to most plants. In contrast, the well-vegetated mountain rock at the end of the valley has a rock geology and geochemistry that support plant life. Location: Tablelands, Gros Morne National Park, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, June 17, 2011. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/f6ef3ec9-2610-4151-91ac-886b20d377b5/Photo+3+IMGP1636_geology_badlands_landscape_Dinosaur_Provincial_Park_AB_Aug1019+Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 3: A typical badlands landscape in western Canada, characterized by deep canyons and white, black and brown rock layers. Location: Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, Aug, 10, 2019. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/09324ea3-f400-46e3-8199-9af69b6137d9/Photo+4+_IMG5046_geology_collapse+landslide+sandstone+castle_butte_SK_June1412+Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 4: The collapse or landslide of a steep wall illustrates the instability of badlands soils. Location: Castle Butte, Big Muddy badlands, Saskatchewan, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, June 14, 2012. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/521a60f8-faf5-4ab4-9897-27580e2651d4/Photo+xx+IMGP8805_Wax-leaf+Beardtongue+Penstemon+nitidus_blue_badlands_Hoodoos_Trail_Red_Deer_Valley_Alberta_May3019+Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 5: Wax-leaved beardtongue (Penstemon nitidus), growing in harsh badlands habitat, is adapted to conserve water loss. Location: Willow Creek Hoodoos Trail, in the Red Deer River Valley, Alberta, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, May 30, 2019. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/6ab6bcd0-b156-45d1-9816-e3b165ddee68/Photo+6+_IMG4649_White-flower+Beardtongue+Penstemon+albidus_Avonlea_badlands_SK_June1112+Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 6: White beardtongue (Penstemon albidus) growing on the edge of the Avonlea badlands, Saskatchewan, Canada. It has many adaptations that enable it to survive in the western Canada badlands. Image by Andy Fyon, June 11, 2012. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/33b798ce-cf0b-41fa-8dc2-1a66325c11b1/Photo+18+P1230774_Plains+Pricklypear+Opuntia+polyacantha_cactus_yellow_badlands_Horseshoe_Canyon_Drumheller_AB_June2114+Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 7: Plains prickly pear cactus (Opuntia polyacantha) in bloom in the Horseshoe Canyon badlands, near Drumheller, Alberta, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, June 21, 2014. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/edf3aa84-4042-445b-a0a8-1b4cb9a0c3fc/Photo+19+IMG3222+Longleaf+Wormwood+Artemisia+longifolia+horsethief+canyon_badlands_Drumheller_Alberta_June2214+Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 8: Longleaf wormwood (Artemisia longifolia) has long, narrow, grey-green leaves to reduce the impact of direct and reflected sunlight, conserving water. Location: Horsethief Canyon badlands, near Drumheller, Alberta, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, June 22, 2014. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/c7a5f68c-c9d2-4928-9166-2cee73b878c4/Photo+6+P1050654_Rubber+Rabbitbrush+Ericameria+nauseosa_yellow_Claybank_Brick_Plant_SK_July2411+Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 9: The yellow flowers of rubber rabbitbrush (Ericameria nauseosa) of the arid badlands. Location: Claybank Brick Plant, Saskatchewan, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, July 24, 2011. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/2d3ecf05-992e-48a9-9028-996b28fb1d12/Photo+6+IMGP8678_Rubber+Rabbitbrush+Ericameria+nauseosa_badlands_Castle_Butte_Big_Muddy_SK_May2919+Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 10: The woody stem or upper root of this rubber rabbitbrush (Ericameria nauseosa) is exposed, causing the plant to stand about 20 cm (8 inches) above the surface of the soft badlands soil. This illustrates how much soil was eroded after the plant gained a foot-hold. Location: Castle Butte area, Big Muddy badlands, Saskatchewan, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, May 29, 2019. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/50a886fe-9381-496c-a5bf-b9eb02737f64/Photo+8+IMGP2208+Hoary+Tansyaster+Dieteria+canescens+badlands++purple+badlands+Horse+Thief+Canyon+Drumheller+AB+Aug1123+Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 11: Hoary aster (Dieteria canescens) uses a variety of adaptations to survive in the harsh badlands. Location: Horsethief Canyon badlands, near Drumheller, Alberta, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, Aug. 11, 2023. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/2518fa10-9843-4e72-9eb1-ef552d5a52f2/Photo+9+P1090272_Pingue+Hymenoxys+Hymenoxys+richardsonii_Hymenoxys_richardsonii_yellow_Avonlea_badlands_SK_June1212+Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 12: Richardson’s bitterweed (Hymenoxys richardsonii) growing among rusty- weathering ironstone fragments. Location: Avonlea badlands, Saskatchewan, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, June 12, 2012. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/019aebda-d258-4cea-b313-b6e8cc7d318d/Photo+10+P1230764_Richardson%27s+bitterweed+Hymenoxys+richardsonii_yellow_badlands_Horseshoe_Canyon_Drumheller_AB_June2114+Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 13: Richardson's bitterweed (Hymenoxys richardsonii) in bloom growing among rusty ironstone. The surface of the narrow linear leaves is covered with fine hairs that reflect intense sunlight and minimize water loss. Location: Horseshoe Canyon badlands, near Drumheller, Alberta, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, June 21, 2014. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/18596dd3-283e-4a32-817c-d14804510a45/Photo+11+P1050758_Scarlet+Globemallow+Sphaeralcea+coccinea_orange_East+Block_Grasslands_National_Park_SK_July2511+Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 14: The orange blossoms of scarlet globe-mallow (Sphaeralcea coccinea) help it stand out on the tan-coloured arid soil. The narrow, lobed leaves and the white hairs on the stems and leaf surfaces reflect intense sunlight. Location: East Block, Grasslands National Park, Saskatchewan, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, July 25, 2011. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/28ef570a-f572-41e3-962c-b2646f8921c2/Photo+14+P1230893_scarlet_globe_mallow_Sphaeralcea_coccinea_orange_Royal_Tyrrell_Museum_Drumheller_Alberta_June2214+Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 15: A close-up of scarlet globe-mallow (Sphaeralcea coccinea) showing the fine hairs on its leaves and stems. Location: Royal Tyrrell Museum, Drumheller, Alberta, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, June 22, 2014. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/7cc1ec9b-c9ae-4d7b-9e1e-cac31d4451af/Photo+12+IMG_20190529_094639+Hood%27s+Phlox+Phlox+hoodii_white_badlands_Castle_Butte_Big_Muddy_SK_May2919+Andy+Fyon+SS.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 16: Hood's phlox (Phlox hoodii) is an early spring-flowering badlands species, shown here growing in an area where erosion has removed much of the clay-rich, nutrient-poor soil. Location: Castle Butte, Big Muddy badlands, Saskatchewan, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, May 29, 2019. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/129989f6-0ab9-4a32-91f6-de964710ab18/Photo+13+IMGP8668_Spiny+Phlox+Phlox+hoodii_white_badlands_Castle_Butte_Big_Muddy_SK_May2919+Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 17: Hood’s phlox (Phlox hoodii) showing the fine white hairs on its leaves, which reflect intense sunlight. Location: Castle Butte, Big Muddy badlands, Saskatchewan, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, May 29, 2019. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1477fad0-11a0-4fec-a197-759d8832bec9/Photo+16+P1090347_Tufted+Evening-Primrose+Oenothera+cespitosa+ssp+cespitosa+white+pink+Avonlea_badlands_SK_June1112+Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 18: Tufted evening primrose (Oenothera cespitosa ssp. cespitosa) coming to the end of its nocturnal bloom in the morning. Location: Avonlea badlands, Saskatchewan, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, June 11, 2012. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/077c30de-860b-48e5-a882-6d6468ecd230/Photo+17+_IMG4625_Alpine+Golden+Buckwheat+Eriogonum+flavum_yellow_Avonlea_badlands_SK_June1212+Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 19: Yellow buckwheat (Eriogonum flavum) growing on a south-facing sandstone ledge. Location: Avonlea badlands, Saskatchewan, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, June 12, 2012. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/617396a3-b510-436c-82a0-cd6dc83e3834/Yellow+buckwheat+growing+on+the+top+of+a+mound+of+broken+rock++showing+that+its+roots+help+stabilize+soils+that+is+being+eroded+away. Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 20: Yellow buckwheat (Eriogonum flavum) growing on top of a small rock mound demonstrating the ability of its roots to stabilize erosion of the badlands soil. Location: Suspension bridge badlands area, Red Deer River Valley, near Drumheller, Alberta, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, June 22, 2014. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/fd692733-072d-40a4-9e17-f04d4a490c39/Photo+20+P1090275+Creamy+milk-vetch+Astragalus+racemosus+avonlea+badlands+SK+June1112_fb+Andy+Fyon+SS.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 21: Creamy milk-vetch (Astragalus racemosus) growing on the clay-rich flat lands of the Avonlea badlands, Saskatchewan, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, June 11, 2012. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/70a92d0f-65d5-44ea-88e5-f4b9f569c026/Photo+21+P1090309+Creamy+milk-vetch+Astragalus+racemosus+avonlea+badlands+SK+June1112+Andy+Fyon+SS.JPG Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Photo 22: Creamy milk-vetch (Astragalus racemosus) growing close to the steep slope at the edge of the Avonlea badlands, Saskatchewan, Canada. Image by Andy Fyon, June 11, 2012. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1d70a88d-fe51-4276-ab51-9f1e8d71625e/Table+badland+plant+adaptation+final+test+custom_final.jpg Geology and Plants - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/about-1 daily 0.75 2020-07-17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1473119222378-2T445NTMG8FO4U18TBEF/DSCN1165+-+on+Ptarmigan+cirque+hike+-+Andy_Alberta_2014_crop_squarespace About Andy Fyon Andy Fyon standing above the tree line in the alpine on Ptarmigan Cirque, Alberta. https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/contact-1 daily 0.75 2017-04-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1491520391095-ITFTF84WA2Z73YW7ROLJ/DSCN2014_Andy_Fyon_Top_of_the_World_Yukon_June2107_squarespace Contact https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/ontario-beneath-our-feet daily 1.0 2020-09-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1622202768179-TPCHEJ53WIEMQLZS7XTY/IMGP0463_yukon_Kluane_kings_throne_cirque_lib_July0107_fb.jpg Home Canada (Ontario) Beneath Our Feet https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1477772244684-RNRRLALVDYOFHBYXZ9KP/_IMG6777_geology_Archean_boulders_glacial_erratics_plants_in_joints_Murphy_Point_alvar_Manitoulin_July1110_fb Home Canada (Ontario) Beneath Our Feet Boulders of granite and quartzite, called glacial erratics, which are part of Ontario's geological curiosities. The boulders are of Precambrian-aged rock, more that 1 billion years old. The boulders are out of place. They sit on flat-lying Silurian-aged dolomite, about 430 million years old, which is a completely different rock type. The boulders originated to the north and were carried south to Manitoulin Island by the glacier during the last ice age. When the glacier melted, it left the boulders on the flat-lying Silurian-aged dolomite. The site is Murphy Point, Manitoulin Island. There could be as much as 2 billion years difference in age between the old Precambrian rock and the young Silurian rock. Photo by Andy Fyon, July 11, 2010. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1473117498841-3IPMAII96YF2M49XFDJU/image-asset.jpeg Home Canada (Ontario) Beneath Our Feet Andy Fyon sitting on the edge of a geological feature - a hole - called a pothole. The pothole was formed perhaps 10,000 years ago during, and at the end of, the last great ice age when rushing water carried pebbles that drilled into the rock. At that time, this rock surface was the floor of a rushing river fed by glacial meltwater. Location: Warsaw Caves Conservation Area. Photo by E. Ginn, 2016. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1477620123710-DATCG7RMUX9RK1P2TWET/Ontario_Geological_Survey_geology_application_2015 Home Canada (Ontario) Beneath Our Feet Knowledge about the geology of Canada is critical to inform decisions related to public health and safety, the health of the environment, impact of climate change, biodiversity and habitats, sources and quality of groundwater, minerals and energy, physical engineering of structures and physical infrastructure like roads, and land-use planning. https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/presentations-on-geology-and-plants daily 0.75 2026-01-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1500061774070-SVVP62E8HG3TYES4Q9IA/IMGP6117_Fragrant_white_water_lily_Nymphaea_odorata_Barron_Canyon_Road_outside_of_Algonquin_Provincial_Park_July0617_fb_Andy_Fyon.JPG Presentations and Stories on Geology, Plants, First Nations Experiences, and Other Topics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1510402561288-JRWKJ2ERL997IJQLK36N/Andy_Fyon_IMG_20170629_190214IMG_20170629_190152_presentation_audience_Durham_Master_Gardeners_Parkwood_National_Historic_Site_Oshawa_June2917_fb.jpg Presentations and Stories on Geology, Plants, First Nations Experiences, and Other Topics https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/far-north-rambles-the-children-are-the-future daily 0.75 2023-01-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1597588701491-HXNSFBU05CRT8PQ9MUP3/I_would_not_use_this_but_it_is_special_so_thought_I_would_share_LOL_OgokiKidsAF37_Feb0602_fb_Andy_Fyon_squarespace.jpg Far North Rambles #1: The Children Are The Future https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1597588526195-TRFEABOGA75BB6JAOTWD/Andy_Fyon_with+elementary+school+kids_Feb0602_Andy_Fyon_squarespace.jpg Far North Rambles #1: The Children Are The Future Sharing and listening to the elementary school kids at the Henry Coaster Memorial School, Marten Falls First Nation. We were looking at minerals, like the “window mineral” (aka quartz). Photo composed by Lori Churchill, Feb 6, 2002. https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/far-north-rambles-suits-to-boots daily 0.75 2023-01-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1672759504534-I94ITPXKMC9XGN532XPN/FN+book+story+007+Cat+3+Ver+1+suites+to+boots+Jan0323.jpg Far North Rambles #7: Suits To Boots https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1597850016032-BXAPUSZXJCM5R5PUPZP1/89290681_10221427268060832_1518498542337916928_Bearskin+Lake+First+Nation+Location+Map+Google+Earth+Andy+Fyon.jpg Far North Rambles #7: Suits To Boots Bearskin Lake is located about 1420 km (880 miles) northwest of Toronto, in northern Ontario. The First Nation community holds several “firsts” for me. It was my first meeting with a First Nation Chief and Council. It was my first visit to a remote, fly-in, First Nation community. It was my first time on a First Nation reserve. It was the first time my bags were searched for drugs and alcohol. It was my first time that far north in Ontario. It was the first time I met a Nishnawbe Aski Police Service Officer, a police service serving 34 First Nation communities in the Nishnawbe Aski Nation Territory. It was where I received my first cultural lesson about First Nation people in northern Ontario. Like many of life’s firsts, that visit had a profound impact on me, which influenced my career for the next 15 years. Image source: Google Earth. https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/far-north-rambles-most-important-meeting daily 0.75 2023-01-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1601824044732-RPZG3IS2ZDJW6ZWLUCSL/P1140174_raymond_beardy_sioux_lookout_airport_Mar2813_resize_Andy_Fyon_squarespace.jpg Far North Rambles #8: Most Important Meeting https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1598364902715-UFLOABCRGPF3C84RPPY9/Location+Bearskin+Lake+Google+Map+Mar0620_Andy_Fyon_squarespace.jpg Far North Rambles #8: Most Important Meeting Photo 1: Location of bearskin Lake First Nation reserve, north west Ontario, Canada. This is a remote, fly-in community. Google Earth image. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1598365284334-VBC4RJ6NVSVEY5UPAZ9P/P1140174_raymond_beardy_sioux_lookout_airport_Mar2813_resize_Andy_Fyon_squarespace.jpg Far North Rambles #8: Most Important Meeting Photo 2: Chief Raymond Beardy, who was Chief of Bearskin Lake First Nation when I first visited in September, 1999. Image: By Andy Fyon, composed in the Sioux Lookout Municipal Airport (C-YXL, Ontario, Canada), March 28, 2013. https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/far-north-rambles-iqaluit-muktuk daily 0.75 2020-09-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1598627587498-CZZC3627GCIU3T4D3LYW/IMG_20200319_112148_copy_774x900_Inuvik+carving+Far+North+Friday+March1920_Andy_Fyon.jpg Far North Rambles #9: Iqaluit Muktuk https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1598627477102-EQMEXLU5HC4DR1VBDUDY/IMG_20200319_112148_copy_774x900_Inuvik+carving+Far+North+Friday+March1920.jpg Far North Rambles #9: Iqaluit Muktuk A photo of the soapstone carving that I purchased from the wife of the carver in Apex, close to Iqaluit, Nunavut, July 2004. Photo by Andy Fyon. https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/far-north-rambles-nothing-is-wasted daily 0.75 2023-01-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1598799446606-LJ24HA4PADKJC2WUFGTC/_IMG8543_george_kakekaspan_fixing_motor_using_sinew_boat_launch_Fort_Severn_andy_fyon_Aug2810_Andy_Fyon.JPG Far North Rambles #2: Nothing Is Wasted https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1598799261151-LBWELPWGI3HNQGA43VW3/_IMG8543_george_kakekaspan_fixing_motor_using_sinew_boat_launch_Fort_Severn_andy_fyon_Aug2810_Andy_Fyon Far North Rambles #2: Nothing Is Wasted George Kakekaspan (Band Manager, Wasaho Cree Nation / Fort Severn First Nation) repairs his outboard motor using a piece of caribou sinew. Photo composed by Andy Fyon in Fort Severn, Ontario, just south of Hudson Bay, Aug 28/10. https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/far-north-rambles-even-the-ravens-will-eat daily 0.75 2023-01-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1599091002176-MIE5XKOK4GLEZ6KBDOLN/P4031884_andy1_trapping_fort_hope_april0404_ppt.jpg Far North Rambles #4: Even The Ravens Will Eat https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1599091347706-SIXNKPW37FYX2ZLAGCUU/P4031865_brad_yesno_hunting_fort_hope_april0404_Andy_Fyon.JPG Far North Rambles #4: Even The Ravens Will Eat Photo 1: Brad Yesno, son of Andy Yesno (Eabametoong First Nation), showing me his hunting techniques, which is part of the First Nation traditional use of the land. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, in the Eabamet Lake area, northwestern Ontario, April 4/04. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1599091199668-LTI0ATMF8GM77DBJVULP/P4031881_andy1_trapping_fort_hope_april0404_Andy_Fyon_squarespace.JPG Far North Rambles #4: Even The Ravens Will Eat Photo 2: Andy Yesno (Eabametoong First Nation) teaching me about his trapping techniques - part of his traditional use of the land. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, in the Eabamet Lake area, northwestern Ontario, April 4/04. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1599091501576-NLNU6LQACZE9JICSFGW4/P4041969_brad_andy1_fish_net_fort_hope_april0404_Andy_Fyon_squarespace.JPG Far North Rambles #4: Even The Ravens Will Eat Photo 3: Brad Yesno (left) and Andy Yesno (right), both band members of Eabametoong First Nation, harvesting fish from Eabamet Lake, northwestern Ontario. Harvesting fish is part of the First Nation traditional use of the land. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, in the Eabamet Lake area, northwestern Ontario, April 4/04. https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/far-north-rambles-5-cash-economy daily 0.75 2023-01-17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1599218221610-PENIUQIMBC4MZ7B3BEND/87024515_10221296199944211_2765540948111785984_n_far+north+friday+cash+economy+Andy+Fyon+Feb2120.jpg Far North Rambles #5: Cash Economy https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1599218248558-INEM2UFQGU5GF9YEL74P/87024515_10221296199944211_2765540948111785984_n_far+north+friday+cash+economy+Andy+Fyon+Feb2120.jpg Far North Rambles #5: Cash Economy Cash economies still exist. In the Far North of Ontario, business transactions with individuals and some businesses are still conducted in cash. That can be a challenge because of the need to withdraw large sums of cash from a bank before heading north. https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/far-north-rambles-broken-head-map daily 0.75 2020-11-20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1599220666405-3WS6HT9W7ZL4P00FJ51K/IMG_2744_neskantaga_winter_road_Feb2505_squarespace.JPG Far North Rambles #32: Broken Head Map https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1599221383130-1SLIR2ZZIXCLWUISJPIP/IMG_2698_winter_road_grator_over_ozhiski+lake_Feb2405_fb.JPG Far North Rambles #32: Broken Head Map Grooming the winter road over the very large Ozhiski Lake, northwest of Fort Hope (Eabametoong First Nation), Ontario. Feb 24, 2005. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1599221082470-MOF5RONSYP6EHRVB9965/IMG_2741_chief_peter_moonias_Neskantaga+First+Nation_Feb2505_cut_Andy_Fyon_squarespace.jpg Far North Rambles #32: Broken Head Map Chief Peter Moonias, Neskantaga First Nation, in the band office on election day, Feb 25, 2005. https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/far-north-rambles-6-entrepreneurial-far-north-artists daily 0.75 2020-09-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1599219398230-LU4GEOSFY2HMB1IG2L1M/89029763_10221376682396222_2735721819104346112_n_Far_North_Friday_Entrepreneurial+ladies+Feb2920.jpg Far North Rambles #6: Entrepreneurial Far North Artists https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1599219427865-Z0UVYZT26DM5NR0AMXND/89029763_10221376682396222_2735721819104346112_n_Far_North_Friday_Entrepreneurial+ladies+Feb2920.jpg Far North Rambles #6: Entrepreneurial Far North Artists Some examples of the fine art that I have purchased, or have been gifted, during my travels across the Far North. https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/far-north-rambles-big-ice-crack daily 0.75 2020-11-20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1599826332330-BLSESAQS6BXGDZC1OBLR/winter+road+drive+to+Fort+Hope+lights+of+fort+hope+Feb0211+Andy+Fyon.jpg Far North Rambles #33: Big Ice Crack https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1605876306332-U20FTUQMENAP16J17YJ1/Photo+1_Fort+Hope+winter+road+Eabamet+Lake+Google+Earth+Sept1120_Andy+Fyon.jpg Far North Rambles #33: Big Ice Crack Photo 1: Google Earth image of the last kilometre of winter road into Fort Hope, only using a summer satellite image. The arrows show: a) the area of ice road flooding; b) the last land leg across the peninsula; and c) the location of the Fort Hope runway. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1605876410764-ISLCDDQQ9TC794DEK5A3/Photo+2_winter+road+drive+to+Fort+Hope+lights+of+fort+hope+Feb0211_Andy_Fyon.jpg Far North Rambles #33: Big Ice Crack Photo 2: Lights of Fort Hope across Eabamet Lake from the winter road. Almost there. Feb. 2, 2011. https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/far-north-rambles-ishkonigan-left-over-land daily 0.75 2023-01-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1600443946837-NP8NCK2V6Z1EMWWUEJHR/100_0308_neskantaga_community_from_planr_depart_May2705_Andy+Fyon.JPG Far North Rambles #18: Ishkonigan - Left Over Land https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1600443416825-X8EG14Z22CUZG4TUJCB2/100_0308_neskantaga_community_from_planr_depart_May2705_Andy+Fyon.JPG Far North Rambles #18: Ishkonigan - Left Over Land Photo 1: The photo shows an older image of the community of Lansdowne House, in the homeland of Neskantaga First Nation, composed as the aircraft was taking off and ascending from the local airport; hence the tilted horizon. Image by Andy Fyon, May 27, 2005. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1600444690266-W547EBF2VFNO9BKJR7UG/PC050095_Bruce_Jacob_Jon_Spence_elder_Josie_Jacob_elder_ananias_Spence_band_office_Webequie_Dec0507_Andy_Fyon_squarespace2.jpg Far North Rambles #18: Ishkonigan - Left Over Land Photo 2: Left to right, Jon Spence, who was the community project lead, Elder Josie Jacob and Elder Ananias Spence. This was one of many land-related project meeting held to discuss the collaborative traditional ecological project. The meeting was held in the band office, Webequie. Image by Andy Fyon, Dec. 5, 2007. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1600520927113-O890QE6CDS2WM7ED7VR4/PB070773_Lori_Churchill_Elsie_Macdonald_Webequie_Nov0703_squarespace+Andy+Fyon.JPG Far North Rambles #18: Ishkonigan - Left Over Land Photo 3: A project meeting discussion about results of an airborne geophysical survey over the homeland of Webequie First Nation. Surveys like this help the geologist and land-use planners understand what the rock geology is buried beneath the glacial deposits. This is one type of information that can be used to guide land-use planning decisions. left to right: Lori Churchill (MNDM-Ontario Geological Survey, Results and Project Management Coordinator at the time) and Elsie Macdonald, Council Member and collaborative project bridge person, Webequie First Nation. Image composed by Andy Fyon in the band office, Webequie, Nov. 7, 2003. https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/far-north-rambles-table-for-10 daily 0.75 2020-11-20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1600441622918-8K9F0NYFKVHW9ZU93FCP/Photo+1+IMGP9285_Elijahs_coffee_shop_webequie_june1006_Andy_Fyon.jpg Far North Rambles #34: Table For 10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1600441823601-XM1PG4Z5KAF6Z1AK0R3O/Photo+1+IMGP9285_Elijahs_coffee_shop_webequie_june1006_Andy_Fyon.jpg Far North Rambles #34: Table For 10 Photo 1: The local coffee shop operated by Elijah Jacob, Webequie First Nation. It was a great place to informally meet people, chat and eat. Photo by Andy Fyon, June 10, 2006. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1600441883639-8QJ327HG7LLKN7CFSQ6C/Photo+2_IMGP4356_elijah_jacob_boys_david_mackett_webequie_dec0406_Andy+Fyon.jpg Far North Rambles #34: Table For 10 Photo 2: Elijah Jacob (Webequie First Nation), in his coffee shop, with the kids who dropped by in the evening. Image by Andy Fyon, Dec 4, 2006. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1600441964126-X1EL9I60487BDJPO6Z5L/Photo+3_IMGP4318_Elijah_Jacob_wood_stove_store_Webequie_Dec0306_Andy+Fyon.jpg Far North Rambles #34: Table For 10 Photo 3: Elijah Jacob in his coffee shop, by his wood stove, that blasted out the heat. Photo by Andy Fyon, Dec 3, 2006. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1600442024660-TM1L16KJ0HKRQRNF7XTH/Photo+4+IMGP4044_Rosalie_Jacob_wife_of_Isaiah_Jacob_cooking_in_Elijah_Jacob_store_Webequie_Oct1106_Andy+Fyon.jpg Far North Rambles #34: Table For 10 Photo 4: Respectfully shared: Rosalie Jacob (Webequie First Nation) wife of Isaiah Jacob cooked many of the meals in Elijah Jacob’s coffee shop, Webequie. Photo by Andy Fyon, Oct 11, 2006. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1600442515005-NM81JNJAWO19ZVYRQ8QO/PC040005_elder_Josie_Jacob_Andy_Fyon_coffee_shop_lunch_Webequie_Dec0407_Andy_Fyon_squarespace.jpg Far North Rambles #34: Table For 10 Photo 5: Elder Josie Jacob (Webequie First Nation), having lunch with us at Elijah Jacob’s coffee shop. Elder Josie sometimes joined us for lunch after a morning meeting in the Band Office. Photo by Kristina Meade (MNDM-OGS), Date: Dec. 4, 2007. https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/far-north-rambles-travel-planning daily 0.75 2023-01-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1600522652523-YKFF9G6R0829G1ZX1P58/PICT0005_kasabonika_lake_travel_gear_july2902_Andy+Fyon+squarespace.jpg Far North Rambles #19: Travel Planning https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1600523326307-KSUM5NCFKCUSQSDTK8XK/PICT0005_kasabonika_lake_travel_gear_july2902_Andy+Fyon+squarespace.jpg Far North Rambles #19: Travel Planning This photo shows some of the gear needed for one of our early with Kasabonika Lake First Nation, back on July 29, 2002. Image by Andy Fyon, Kasabonika Lake airport, July 29, 2002. https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/far-north-rambles-22-i-hate-snakes-1 daily 0.75 2023-01-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1601125377231-F5VWVQAGU1JB6BTZ1L9U/PICT0126_Eastern+Garter+Snake+Thamnophis+sirtalis+ssp.+sirtalis_Flat_Rock_Albany+River_ON_July2602_fb_Andy+Fyon+sq.jpg Far North Rambles #22: I Hate Snakes https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1601125925992-ZH8PNJD7DHWOOUHK6BIE/MVC-226F_Chief_Eli_Moonias_Marten+Falls+First+Nation+Albany+River+July2602_Andy+Fyon+sq.JPG Far North Rambles #22: I Hate Snakes Photo 1: Chief Eli Moonias (Marten Falls First Nation) navigating down the Albany River, July 26/02. Image by Lori Churchill (Ontario Geological Survey at the time). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1601126016170-6ER0N4YI9A85TOBQVO86/PICT0239_Norm+Baxter+Marten+Falls+First+Nation+Albany+River+July2602_Andy+Fyon+sq.JPG Far North Rambles #22: I Hate Snakes Photo 2: Norm Baxter (Marten Falls First Nation) on the satellite phone to order a part for his motor, on the Albany River, July 26/02. Image by Andy Fyon. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1601213326966-TM74U45ISPUBPTZ9HAFJ/PICT0087AlbanyRiverRapids_ppt_Andy+Fyon.jpg Far North Rambles #22: I Hate Snakes Photo 3: Skilled navigation by Chief Eli Moonias and Norm Baxter enabled safe passage down the Albany River, Ontario. Image by Andy Fyon, July 26, 2002. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1601213144890-OLNWGUSM07AG7NBDIP75/PICT0085_smouldering_forest+fire_Albany_River_ON_July2602_Andy+Fyon+sq.jpg Far North Rambles #22: I Hate Snakes Photo 4: A smouldering forest fire along the Albany River, Ontario, July 26, 2002. There had been recent rain and that helped suppress the fire. Photo by Andy Fyon. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1601213679630-T2M1SYV2AKMDTD4OWEZP/PICT0121_Chief+Eli+Moonias+Marten+Falls+First+Nation+Derek+Armstrong+OGS+Albany+River+Flat+Rock+ON+July2602_Andy_Fyon_sq.jpg Far North Rambles #22: I Hate Snakes Photo 5: Left Chief Eli Moonias (Marten Falls First Nation) and right Derek Armstrong (Ontario Geological Survey, fossil expert) discussing the story in the rock. Albany River, July 26, 2002. Image by Andy Fyon. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1601214094927-TM691MGV8GY2EFWR3QPM/PICT0114+tea+time+Norm+Baxter_Lori+Churchill_Chief+Eli+Moonias_Marten+Falls+First+Nation+Flat_Rock_Albany+River_ON_July2602_ppt.jpg Far North Rambles #22: I Hate Snakes Photo 6: Tea time along the Albany River on a wet day. Left to right: Norm Baxter (Marten Falls First Nation, Lori Churchill (Ontario Geological Survey at the time), Chief Eli Moonias (Marten Falls First Nation. Image by Andy Fyon, July 26, 2002. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1601214277284-RPT9TQ3AJJODUVDY5R9L/PICT0126_Eastern+Garter+Snake+Thamnophis+sirtalis+ssp.+sirtalis_Flat_Rock_Albany+River_ON_July2602_fb_Andy+Fyon+sq.jpg Far North Rambles #22: I Hate Snakes Photo 7: The area on the side of the rock was home to many red-sided, Eastern Garter Snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis ssp. sirtalis). This rock is called Flat Rock and is located along the south side of the Albany River, Ontario. I am not fond of snakes so it was a bit of a surprise to see so many snakes. This type of rock is an excellent area for snakes because there are many cracks and small interconnected cavities in the rock that provide excellent habitat for snakes. Image by Andy Fyon, July 26, 2002. https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/far-north-rambles-36-bad-words daily 0.75 2022-05-20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1601820703531-JTWA6JU7DFRXVIV34NYV/IMG_20201002_072310_far+north+book+bad+words+dictionary+Andy+Fyon+Oct0220_fb.jpg Far North Rambles #36: Words You Can’t Say On Radio https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1601639423305-9WPVVF62XVFYDYV84T2L/IMG_20201002_072310_far+north+book+bad+words+dictionary+Andy+Fyon+Oct0220_fb.jpg Far North Rambles #36: Words You Can’t Say On Radio Photo 1: A sample page from my home-made dictionary of Ojibway and Oji-Cree words and phrases we learned in Far North First Nation communities of Ontario. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1601639568355-IYRPJIC79YMIJKO9B069/PICT0010_Peter_Moonias_Lori_Churchill_neskantaga_may2803_fb.jpg Far North Rambles #36: Words You Can’t Say On Radio Photo 2: Chief Peter Moonias (arms crossed), Neskantaga First Nation and Lori Churchill standing in the background. To the best of my recollection, this was the meeting where we learned that the name of a colleague meant something quite inappropriate in the dialect of Neskantaga First Nation. Photo by Andy Fyon, Lansdowne House (community of Neskantaga First Nation), May 28, 2003. https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/far-north-rambles-24-things-i-dont-understand-part-1 daily 0.75 2020-10-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1601821223876-BQMMVJEH24XD6UVQUBJZ/IMGP0196_sunrise_light_rays_through_morning_mist_and_bush_Valens_Lake_Conservation_Area_Cambridge_Aug1817_fb_FN+book+giant+skunk.JPG Far North Rambles #24: Things I Don't Understand Part 1 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1601821534564-BI6JQUSY1RT0JX6XAIOP/IMGP0196_sunrise_light_rays_through_morning_mist_and_bush_Valens_Lake_Conservation_Area_Cambridge_Aug1817_fb_FN+book+giant+skunk.JPG Far North Rambles #24: Things I Don't Understand Part 1 Some hold the sunrise and sunset as being spiritually important. Others see a mystical forest where “little people” live. Others simply see the light as being “nice”. Regardless of the beliefs you hold about the world around us, it is important not to be dismissive. Rather, tolerance and the willingness to “seek understanding” are important. Image by Andy Fyon, Valens Lake Conservation Area, Cambridge, Ontario, Aug. 18, 2017. https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/far-north-rambles-27-that-was-unexpected daily 0.75 2022-12-23 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1603295517781-OMBFCL1U5S4FVR9463MN/P1310977_habitat_bog_boreal_forest_flight_from_Fort_Hope_to_Thunder_Bay_Aug1815_fb.JPG Far North Rambles #27: That Was Unexpected https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1603295585254-O8NJCSKER1A65SATSJKQ/P1310977_habitat_bog_boreal_forest_flight_from_Fort_Hope_to_Thunder_Bay_Aug1815_fb.JPG Far North Rambles #27: That Was Unexpected Photo 1: View of a small, circular lake surrounded by a floating apron of sphagnum moss around the edge of the lake. That apron grows from the edge towards the centre and will eventually cover the entire lake. Vegetation decays very slowly in the cold, acidic waters of the bog lake. Dead vegetation accumulates below the water surface to become peat. Photo composed during a flight from Fort Hope (homeland of Eabametoong First Nation) to Thunder Bay, Aug 18, 2015. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1603295785755-ODEV9ETHES9VLGJMEFF7/IMGP5226_B_TROUT_LAKE_ROAD_BOG_jUNE2108_resize.jpg Far North Rambles #27: That Was Unexpected Photo 2: Standing on the bouncy sphagnum moss apron that surrounds a small bog lake located south of Sudbury. The sphagnum moss apron supports a variety of plants adapted to the harsh growing conditions, including leatherleaf, tamarack, wild cranberry, orchids, and carnivorous plants. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, June 21, 2008. https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/far-north-rambles-it-is-cold-outside daily 0.75 2023-01-18 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1604101372398-9YCEQ9IUL3EIT50AZOJR/_IMG0956_xavier_sagutch_saturday_morning_Fort_Hope_Nov2313_Andy+Fyon+FNB.jpg Far North Rambles #40: It Is Cold Outside https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1604101693407-PI8DIXMG2SFOIWZFAYRP/P1190516_andy_fyon_cat_lake_fire_attack_base_Dec1013_FNB_Andy+Fyon.JPG Far North Rambles #40: It Is Cold Outside Photo 1: Me, Andy Fyon, wearing my beaver trim, animal skin hat - the warmest hat I own. Also visible are the four base layers that I wear under my parka: a) T-shirt; b) jean shirt; c) down vest; d) red pleated flannelette shirt. Photo composed by Jack Parker (Ontario Geological Survey, Senior Manager at the time), in the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry forward fire attack base, on Cat Lake reserve, home land of the Cat Lake First Nation, Dec. 10/13. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1604102598413-3060ROXT4A14DRKBVUKV/_IMG2175_xavier_sagutch_tek_Fort_Hope_Andy+Fyon+FNB.jpg Far North Rambles #40: It Is Cold Outside Photo 2: Xavier Sagutch (Eabametoong First Nation), in his office, in the Band Office, Fort Hope. Xavier is an excellent photographer and some of his photos are illustrated in the wall poster behind him. Xavier is committed to documenting the land and all life on the land, and restoring damaged land in the traditional area of Eabametoong First Nation to its original state. Xavier was a joy to work with. Image by Andy Fyon, Dec. 8/09. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1604102024502-294T1M707I93S1J1FZS2/_IMG0961_andy_fyon_saturday_morning_Fort_Hope_Nov2313_Andy+Fyon+FNB.JPG Far North Rambles #40: It Is Cold Outside Photo 3: Me, Andy Fyon, wearing my winter uniform, minus the beaver fur hat, on the streets of Fort Hope, Ontario, in the homeland of Eabametoong First Nation. The temperature was a cool -24C that morning. Photo composed by Xavier Sagutch, Saturday morning, Fort Hope, Nov. 23/13. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1604102169524-92ESIF4CB71NVTOLRJXG/_IMG0957_xavier_sagutch_saturday_morning_Fort_Hope_Nov2313_Andy+Fyon+FNB.jpg Far North Rambles #40: It Is Cold Outside Photo 4: Xavier Sagutch, also known as “Mr. X”, on the street of Fort Hope, in the homeland of Eabametoong First Nation, Ontario. Despite the cold, Xavier was content to wear his jean jacket, no mitts, and no hat. He was carrying a plastic gas container because he was headed out into the bush on his snow machine. Talk about cold tolerance! Image by Andy Fyon, Nov. 23/13. https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/far-north-rambles-31-kids-and-fruit daily 0.75 2020-11-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1605541936121-YOBITEQTVZYH9NJGKM1I/img834+Sachigo+gravel+pit+field+trip_fb_FNF_Andy_Fyon.jpg Far North Rambles #31: Kids And Fruit https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1605542206757-I5WZWLG7OVG9Q4REFTHN/location+sachigo+lake+first+nation+FNF_Andy+Fyon.jpg Far North Rambles #31: Kids And Fruit Photo 1: Location of the community of the remote, fly-in community of Sachigo Lake, in the homeland of Sachigo Lake First Nation, Ontario. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1605541981230-QKLSU9V4V84NKKEOJCF0/img834+Sachigo+gravel+pit+field+trip_fb_FNF_Andy_Fyon.jpg Far North Rambles #31: Kids And Fruit Photo 2: School children from Martin McKay Memorial School, Sachigo Lake First Nation on the field trip to the small quarry in the remote, fly-in community of Sachigo Lake, Ontario, in the homeland of Sachigo Lake First Nation. https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/far-north-rambles-30-just-two-dogs daily 0.75 2020-11-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1605541018117-WR2RFD5AH657OWTAZKG3/PICT0043_blue_the_dog_Fort_Hope_July2202_adj.JPG Far North Rambles #30: Just Two Dogs https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1605541154105-D1F5X9XNAXHKW307S0XM/PICT0043_blue_the_dog_Fort_Hope_July2202_adj.JPG Far North Rambles #30: Just Two Dogs Dog image: That was Blue. Blue was a “rez dog” who lived under the back door landing at the Fort Hope Inn (Eabametoong First Nation). The story above did not take place in Fort Hope and did not star Blue. Blue was a gentle, friendly dog. He was cared for and ate well from kitchen scraps provided by the staff and guests who stayed at the Inn. Photo composed July 22, 2002. https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/far-north-rambles38-polar-bears daily 0.75 2020-11-27 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1606493854261-7NCP9R3411HMR60428EQ/_IMG8335_goose_decoys_hudson_bay_tundra_fort_severn_andy_fyon_Aug2710_square_Andy_Fyon.JPG Far North Rambles #38: Polar Bears https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1606494061573-M962I3ZWPYKIJJT41NW3/Photo+1__IMG8243_tommy_miles_bill_keller_polar_bear_gun_by_Severn_River_Fort_Severn_Andy_Fyon_Aug2710_Andy+Fyon.JPG Far North Rambles #38: Polar Bears Photo 1: Tommy Miles (left - Washaho Cree Nation) and Bill Keller (Laurentian University) exchanging notes on the use of Tommy’s rifle, which Tommy lent us as protection against a polar bear attack on the coastal salt marsh, beside Hudson Bay, north of Fort Severn. Photo by Andy Fyon, Aug. 27, 2010. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1606494201879-SO7QFQBLENYAENGF12MU/Photo+2__IMG8327_bill_keller_david_pearson_hudson_bay_tundra_fort_severn_andy_fyon_Aug2710_Andy+Fyon.JPG Far North Rambles #38: Polar Bears Photo 2: Waking along the salt marsh located on the south shore of Hudson Bay, north of the tree line, north of the community of Fort Severn, in the homeland of the Washaho Cree Nation. Photo by Andy Fyon, Aug. 27, 2010. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1606494395682-UJ9QS0WQIPWBKUHWTK10/Photo_3_IMG8336_goose_decoys_hudson_bay_tundra_fort_severn_andy_fyon_Aug2710_Andy+Fyon.JPG Far North Rambles #38: Polar Bears Photo 3: Some of the creative, white-coloured goose decoys that we saw on the salt marsh. From a distance, we were certain these were a herds of polar bears “sweeping majestically” across the salt marsh of Hudson Bay lowland, north of Fort Severn. Photo by Andy Fyon, Aug. 27, 2010. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1606494573352-9P0T0IEXIXNDQFD03BX9/P1100706_polar_bear_track_fort_severn_lookout_tower_Aug1012_fb_Andy_Fyon_FNB.jpg Far North Rambles #38: Polar Bears Photo 4: What we assumed were polar bear track left in the sand by the observation tower, on the Hudson Bay lowlands tundra, north of Fort Severn, Ontario. The track was about 20 cm long, and if a polar bear track, was likely a young one. Photo by Andy Fyon, Aug. 27, 2010. https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/far-north-rambles-37-bad-words-part-2 daily 0.75 2020-11-27 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1606493490902-DTAOIHHA1Z9FMHS1UOS8/bad+words+partnership.jpg Far North Rambles #37: Bad Words Part 2 https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/far-north-rambles-43-busted daily 0.75 2020-11-27 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1606491918110-1KADRLKQ5BZ69QUAH5ID/PICT0019_airport+pegmatite_Fort+Hope_ON_Sept2607_resize_adj2.JPG Far North Rambles #43: Busted https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1606492160411-E3PTOL8PB2L2AQPLSR5Y/PICT0019_airport+pegmatite_Fort+Hope_ON_Sept2607_resize_adj2.JPG Far North Rambles #43: Busted Photo 1: We are gathered together to look at a very cool rock called a pegmatite. The pegmatite rock forms as a last gasp of granite crystalization. In geological speak, the pegmatite contained some uncommon minerals that suggested its origin was related to crystallization of an S-type granite. That is an important chapter related to the geological history of this area. Photo by Andy Fyon. https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/far-north-rambles-44-restaurant-fish-out-of-water daily 0.75 2020-12-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1607087754030-23IZH3HBY5H5DMTL2KWP/640px-Beef_fillet_steak_with_mushrooms+wikipedia.jpg Far North Rambles #44: Restaurant Fish Out Of Water https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/far-north-rambles-45-up-the-creek daily 0.75 2020-12-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1607686629373-RG0Y2M5YMBBOLTCCSI92/David+Pearson+crossing+tidal+creek+Severn+River+Fort+Severn+July0811.jpg Far North Rambles #45: Up The Creek https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1607775006997-Y6VJJZG78FYC2GMX67NP/P1050052_tide_flooded_creek_end+of+road+Hudson+Bay+lowland+Severn+River_Fort+Severn+ON_July0811_ss_Andy+Fyon.JPG Far North Rambles #45: Up The Creek Photo 1: The swollen creek that was filled by the rising tide. Hudson Bay water is flowing from left to right. Photo composed north of Fort Severn, along the Severn River, in the estuary where the Hudson Bay waters meet the Severn River, July 8/11. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1607687114391-RGQONUN0R988MX3FYXRK/David+Pearson+crossing+tidal+creek+Severn+River+Fort+Severn+July0811_Andy+Fyon.jpg Far North Rambles #45: Up The Creek Photo 2: Dr. David Pearson forging across the cold tidal creek at the end of the road, Hudson Bay lowland, north of Fort Severn, Ontario, July 8, 2011. https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/far-north-friday-47-duck daily 0.75 2021-04-23 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1619783487842-H0I8TZMY1HM3X5OYTWQO/IMG_1033_Harry+Papah+hunting+Eabamet+Lake+Fort+Hope+ON+by+Lori_June2612_fb.JPG Far North Rambles #47: Duck https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1608931477157-MQBRW00666LCGN5BGZGB/Photo+1_P1090885_Lori_Churchill_fishing_Harry_Papah_Martha_Papah_Fort_Hope_June2612_Andy+Fyon.JPG Far North Rambles #47: Duck Photo 1: Harry and Martha Papah (left) and Lori Churchill (right) on the fishing trip, Eabamet Lake, in the homeland of Eabametoong First Nation (Ontario), June 26, 2012. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1608931596688-HTBB5XNDPY1GB3Y879Y1/Photo+2_IMG_1035_Andy+Fyon+Eabamet+Lake+hunting+with+Papahs+Fort+Hope+ON+by+lori+June2612_Andy+Fyon.JPG Far North Rambles #47: Duck Photo 2: Andy Fyon sitting in the front third of the boat, on the fishing trip with Martha and Harry Papah, Eabamet Lake, in the homeland of Eabametoong First Nation (Ontario), June 26, 2012. Photo composed by Lori Churchill. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1608931681185-9P571GMGXO2UEKFHFLQI/Photo+3_P1090893_fishing_Harry_Papah_Martha_Papah_Fort_Hope_June2612_Andy+Fyon.JPG Far North Rambles #47: Duck Photo 3: Harry and Martha Papah fishing on Eabamet Lake, in the homeland of Eabametoong First Nation (Ontario), June 26, 2012. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1608931770604-BME2KFY9BED9F36GPYWQ/IMG_1033_Harry+Papah+hunting+Eabamet+Lake+Fort+Hope+ON+by+Lori_June2612_Andy+Fyon.JPG Far North Rambles #47: Duck Photo 4: Harry Martha Papah in action, taking aim at a moose on Eabamet Lake, in the homeland of Eabametoong First Nation (Ontario), June 26, 2012. https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/far-north-friday-48-celebrate daily 0.75 2021-01-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1619783423864-G8FEBKYXFNEXOD6EUSLT/_IMG5516_christmas+elders+dinner+Eabametoong+First+Nation+Fort+Hope+ON+Dec1708_FarN.JPG Far North Friday #48: Celebrate https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1609516601761-F04DJN2LUE038Y4WAGJM/IMGP4553_Christmas+pageant+Webequie+ON+Dec1906_Rar+North.jpg Far North Friday #48: Celebrate Photo 1: Christmas pageant, Webequie First Nation, Dec. 19/06. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1609516685330-995CRRXQE7HRLWXKBVMJ/_IMG5516_christmas+elders+dinner+Eabametoong+First+Nation+Fort+Hope+ON+Dec1708_FarN.JPG Far North Friday #48: Celebrate Photo 2: Elders' Christmas feast, Eabametoong First Nation, Fort Hope, ON, Dec. 17/08. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1609516732389-GKBSMVO5N1B3UH6HSSPS/P1120710_Eabametoong_Fort_Hope_JC_Yesno_staff_dinner_Dec1812_adj_far+north.jpg Far North Friday #48: Celebrate Photo 3: JC Yesno Education Centre staff Christmas dinner, Eabametoong First Nation, Fort Hope, Dec. 18/12. https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/far-north-friday-50-taxi daily 0.75 2021-01-08 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1610116936155-UVGMEA8BM4SNF9WOJQ6Q/Photo+1+PC090889_tony_blackned_skido_taxi_snow+machine_skido_taxi_Moosonee+to+Moose+Factory+Island_ON_Dec0905_Andy+Fyon.jpg Far North Friday #50: Taxi https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1610118533392-3ABA8NGVAQQUK0O5HG07/Location+Moosonee+Ontario+Google+Earth+ON+Jan0821_SS.jpg Far North Friday #50: Taxi Photo 1: Location of the community of Moosonee, northern Ontario, close to James Bay. Google Earth image. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1610118614145-SKQ45IS19CUM8TQOFRSB/Photo+2+PC090889_tony_blackned_skido_taxi_snow+machine_skido_taxi_Moosonee+to+Moose+Factory+Island_ON_Dec0905_Andy+Fyon.jpg Far North Friday #50: Taxi Photo 2: Photo 1: Winter snow machine taxi that takes clients across the Moose River, between Moosonee and Moose Factory. My notes say the snow machine ice taxi operator is Tony Blackned, of Moosonee. I hope my notes are accurate. Photo composed Dec 9, 2005. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1610118878387-2AJYVUGFNNQ5LYYYOIPF/Photo+3+PC070873_Andy+Fyon_Juan+Carlos+Reyes+and+Steve+Nolan_Missanabie+Cree+First+Nation+helicopter+taxi+Moosonee+to+Moose+Factory+Island+ON+Dec0905_Andy+Fyon.jpg Far North Friday #50: Taxi Photo 3: I suppose some would consider this to be an form of taxi - a helicopter taxi. The helicopter is used for a short time to provide transportation between Moosonee and Moose Factory when the Moose River freezes up or the ice breaks up in fall and spring, respectively. At that time, the river ice is not safe to cross. My notes remind me that I (red parka) am standing beside Juan Carlos Reyes (Consultant) and Steve Nolan, of Missanabie Cree First Nation. Photo composed Dec 10, 2005. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1610119012295-WC09AHYBYI2LKOS7UKZR/Photo+4+PC090890_open+water_moosenee_skido+taxi_Andy+Fyon.jpg Far North Friday #50: Taxi Photo 4: The Moose River is tide water, so the river ice rises and falls with the tide. That movement often creates a ribbon of brown water between the shore and the ice sheet covering the river. The winter ice taxis find a suitable place to traverse this thin water ribbon to safely deliver their passengers to their destination. Photo composed Dec. 9, 2005. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1610119105513-G14E0AB1ZV5I4G17AWD3/Photo+5+PC090887_skido_taxi_Moosonee+to+Moose+Factory+Island_ON_Dec0905+Andy+Fyon.jpg Far North Friday #50: Taxi Photo 5: Travelling from Moose Factory to Moosonee via ice taxi. The ice taxi operator drove along the shore to find the best water crossing location. Photo composed Dec. 9, 2005. https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/far-north-friday-52-importance-is-relative daily 0.75 2021-01-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1611322012138-2ZWAFSZ57TH4KQ0MMMIO/P7090389_arena_JC_Yesno_school_Fort_Hope_July0904_SS_Andy+Fyon.JPG Far North Friday #52: Importance Is Relative https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1611322222357-0S5S87OVHJORTL1J2UQN/P7090389_arena_JC_Yesno_school_Fort_Hope_July0904_SS_Andy+Fyon.JPG Far North Friday #52: Importance Is Relative Centre left is the entrance to the Joseph Jacob Nate area, in Fort Hope, a remote, fly-in First Nation community in the homeland of Eabametoong First Nation. In the background is the community school, named the John C. Yesno Education Centre. Photo by Andy Fyon, July 9, 2004. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1611320206510-YSPNHC6J6AW3VJQ57XN8/Photo+3+PDR_0063_Andy+Yesno_Chief_Charlie_Okeese_Ron+Nate+Stanley+Bois_Joseph_Jacob_nate_Arena_check_Fort_Hope_Sept2502_andy+fyon.jpg Far North Friday #52: Importance Is Relative Left to right: Andy Yesno, Chief Charlie Okeese, Ron Nate-Missewace, and Stanley Bois standing beneath the sign naming the new Joseph Jacob Nate Arena, Fort Hope in the homeland of Eabametoong First Nation. Image by Andy Fyon, Sept. 25/02. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1611321167837-CUZLNIWY47ERRE7RGE39/Photo+1+PDR_0063_Chief_Charlie_Okeese_Christine_Yesno_Lucy_Atlookan_Sol+Atlookan_Joseph_Jacob_nate_Arena_check_Fort_Hope_Sept2502_andy+fyon.jpg Far North Friday #52: Importance Is Relative Left to right: Chief Charlie Okeese, Christine Yesno, Lucy McKay-Atlookan, and Sol Atlookan on the tour of the new arena, named the Joseph Jacob Nate Arena, Fort Hope in the homeland of Eabametoong First Nation. Image by Andy Fyon, Sept. 25/02. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1611321223051-E9PY0571N1AN0RGJWKCO/Photo+2+PDR_0063_Chief_Charlie_Okeese_Ron+Nate+-+Missewace_Andy+Yesno_Joseph_Jacob_nate_Arena_check_Fort_Hope_Sept2502_adj_fb.jpg Far North Friday #52: Importance Is Relative Left to right: Chief Charlie Okeese, Ron Nate - Missewace, and Andy Yesno on the tour of the new arena, named the Joseph Jacob Nate Arena, Fort Hope in the homeland of Eabametoong First Nation. Andy Yesno was discussing the subtleties of the electrical system, as I recall. Image by Andy Fyon, Sept. 25/02. https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/far-north-friday-51-up-late daily 0.75 2021-02-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1612528988550-VD2105VMEY88YO0AJE0Y/PICT0023_left_Katie_Sugarhead_Kris+Sugarhead_neice_and_daughter_of_daniel_okeese_playground_Fort_Hope_July2202_andy+fyon.JPG Far North Friday #51: Up Late https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1612528310908-GKB13MA8I8YUJXMXIXRG/PICT0023_left_Katie_Sugarhead_Kris+Sugarhead_neice_and_daughter_of_daniel_okeese_playground_Fort_Hope_July2202_fb.JPG Far North Friday #51: Up Late Children (left: Katy Sugarhead; right: Kris Sugarhead) just being themselves at the playground, in Fort Hope (Eabametoong First Nation), Ontario, Canada. They were baking a pie, as I recall. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, July 22, 2002. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1612528524037-UKENEACWRU81CNBQYXDF/PICT0053_Derek+Armstrong+children+on+the+street+Marten+Falls+First+Nation+ON+July2402_fb.JPG Far North Friday #51: Up Late Derek Armstrong, (retired now, Ontario Geological Survey) with a group of excited kids, in the evening, on the streets of Marten Falls (Marten Falls First Nation), Ontario, Canada, looking at digital photos in the days when digital cameras were still a novelty. Photo composed July 24/02. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1612528795680-L5W4HUYM45N3QN7O2AWV/PICT0067_Chrystyna_Atlookan_Spence_Irene+Boyce_evening_walk_lake_Fort_Hope_Aug2503_crop_Andy+Fyon+SS.jpg Far North Friday #51: Up Late Two children (left: Chrystyna Atlookan-Spence; right: Irene Boyce), Eabametoong First Nation, Fort Hope, Ontario, Canada, who joined us at the lake, playing with rocks in the evening light. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, Aug. 25/03. https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/far-north-friday-57-water-is-power daily 0.75 2021-04-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1614343257883-BJI1UN6HRJWXV6ZEYAYZ/Banner+P1110724_Victor+Wabano_freighter+canoe+fishing+Brook+Trout_Winisk+River+Weenusk+Peawanuck+ON+Sept2112_andy+fyon.JPG Far North Friday #57: Water Is Power https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1614342905511-AY619N94FU2YKZ2A9GHF/Photo+1_P1110746_Victor+Wabano_Ivan+Iserhoff_Suzanne+Halet_fishing+lowland+shore+Winisk+River+Weenusk+Peawanuck+ON+Sept2112_andy+fyon.JPG Far North Friday #57: Water Is Power Photo 1: Victor Wabano (drinking the mandatory tea in the freighter canoe), Suzanne (nee Halet; green jacket), and Ivan Iserhoff fishing along the shore of the Winisk River, north of Peawanuck, Ontario, Sept 21/12. Photo by Andy Fyon, Sept 21/21. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1614342994752-7IJ12F15WUWV3NGUOQ5W/Photo+2_P1110716_Ivan+Iserhoff_Suzanne+Halet+fishing_winisk_river_weenusk_peawanuck_Sept2112_andy+fyon.JPG Far North Friday #57: Water Is Power Photo 2: Ivan Iserhoff (left) and Suzanne (right) preparing to fish along the Winisk River, north of Peawanuck, Ontario. It was a chill day. Photo by Andy Fyon, Sept 21/12. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1614343153494-LSQQQ6PD69I1A8G091HF/Photo+3_P1110723_Victor+Wabano_freighter+canoe+fishing+Brook+Trout_Winisk+River+Weenusk+Peawanuck+ON+Sept2112_andy+fyon.JPG Far North Friday #57: Water Is Power Photo 3: A lovely Brook Trout caught by Victor Wabano (Weenusk First Nation) along the Winisk River, north of Peawanuck, Ontario. Photo by Andy Fyon, Sept 21/12. https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/far-north-friday-77-for-your-consideration daily 0.75 2022-03-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1646340464389-I9A5YHD8A2W6Z1VJ5RDA/land+consideration+meanings+Mar0322_crop+Andy+Fyon.jpg Far North Friday #77: For Your Consideration https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/far-north-friday-80-first-time daily 0.75 2022-04-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1648998593064-975U81RNBF8DQV8ETKP6/Photo+1+PA1604942_elder_Cornie_Nate_Minister_Nault_elder_Louis_Waswa_Eabametoong_Oct1603_fb.jpg Far North Friday #80: First Time https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/4f837910-0a0d-4223-be6c-40fe78f4b67a/Photo+1+PA1604942_elder_Cornie_Nate_Minister_Nault_elder_Louis_Waswa_Eabametoong_Oct1603_fb.jpg Far North Friday #80: First Time - Make it stand out Photo 1: Photo 1: Eabametoong First Nation elders Corny Nate (RIP, left) and Louis Waswa (RIP, right) standing with federal Minister Bob Nault (MP for Kenora - Rainy River) at the meeting between Eabametoong First Nation, Mishkeegogamang Ojibway Nation, and Indian Affairs and Northern Development. At the meeting, discussions took place about the needs of the First Nations, including their land-use planning projects, and changes to the Indian Act legislation. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, October 16, 2003. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/0497e962-f897-434e-a729-2647537edb08/Photo+2+PA160492_Chief_Roundhead_Minister_Nault_Chief_Okeese_Eabametoong_Oct1603_fb.jpg Far North Friday #80: First Time - Make it stand out Photo 2: Photo 2: Chief Roundhead (Mishkeegogamang Ojibway Nation; on the left) and host Chief O’Keese (Eabametoong First Nation; on the right) standing with federal Minister Bob Nault (MP for Kenora - Rainy River) at the meeting between Eabametoong First Nation, Mishkeegogamang Ojibway Nation, and Indian Affairs and Northern Development. At the meeting, discussions took place about the needs of the First Nations, including their land-use planning projects, and changes to the Indian Act legislation. Photo composed October 16, 2003. https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/far-north-friday-82-weather-report daily 0.75 2022-04-08 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1653047537306-SJL1LVYYQV1PY7AVE566/Photo+2+PA210078_Elijah_Jacob_Airport_weather_report_Webequie_Oct2104_fb.JPG Far North Friday #82: Weather Report https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/fd7fb372-4f98-40c7-a904-3548f6d8468d/Photo+1+PA210077_Webequie_Airport+cloud_Oct2104_fb.JPG Far North Friday #82: Weather Report - Make it stand out Photo 1: A poor weather day at the Webequie Airport, in the far north of Ontario: calm winds, low ceiling and freezing ground fog. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, at the Webequie airport, Oct 21, 2004. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/f377360d-3431-4348-889e-cbcdd2dcc217/Photo+2+PA210078_Elijah_Jacob_Airport_weather_report_Webequie_Oct2104_fb.JPG Far North Friday #82: Weather Report - Make it stand out Photo 2: Elijah Jacob, Webequie First Nation, provided a taxi service and ran a coffee shop in Webequie. Elijah knew I was not a happy flyer. Elijah was pointing to a cloud covered sky and saying “Andy, I see a hole in the cloud. The plane will get in and you will fly out.” I kept saying “Elijah, there is no hole in the cloud. All I see is solid cloud cover and freezing ground fog.” Elijah was correct. The aircraft did land - and successfully take off. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, at the Webequie airport, Oct 21, 2004. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/054d4a11-923e-4c48-9a6d-c3efda242023/Photo+3_IMGP9285_Elijahs_coffee_shop_webequie_june1006_fb.jpg Far North Friday #82: Weather Report - Make it stand out Photo 3: The coffee shop that Elijah Jacob ran in Webequie. It was a hub of activity and a good place to eat meals and meet community people. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, in Webequie, Ontario, June 10/06. https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/far-north-friday-90-when-will-you-return daily 0.75 2022-11-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1669391220845-W4R3MLL20JG2CFJXRTTS/Photo+1+P1290715_Jean+Waboose+airport+goodbye+Fort+Hope+May2315_fb.JPG Far North Friday #90: When Will You Return? https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/738c0cc5-5687-400d-a2e9-6189f0ba2ec0/Photo+1+P1290715_Jean+Waboose+airport+goodbye+Fort+Hope+May2315_fb.JPG Far North Friday #90: When Will You Return? - Make it stand out Photo 1: A group of adults and children at the airport both to greet, and see off, arriving and departing community members and visitors. Photo composed at the airport, in the remote fly-in community of Fort Hope, in the homeland of Eabametoong First Nation, May 23/15. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1542114d-841b-4fea-9d42-66e072351d7b/Photo+2+PDR_1508+Andy+Fyon+kids+evening+by+Eabamet+Lake+Fort+Hope+July0303_fb.JPG Far North Friday #90: When Will You Return? - Make it stand out Photo 2: An evening with kids along the shore of a remote lake. This was a time to see the community through different eyes, and those insights of the children were mostly funny, always interesting, and sometimes disturbing. Those insights were only gained “outside the boardroom”. Photo composed by Lori Churchill, beside Eabamet Lake, in the remote fly-in community of Fort Hope, in the homeland of Eabametoong First Nation, July 3/03. https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/far-north-friday-89-important-places daily 0.75 2023-01-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1669222412102-AJVEHFHDQR8MBA2TJ7IR/Photo+1+_IMG2884_lake_fog_light_morning_sunrise_Burwash_Sept1111_fb.JPG Far North Friday #89: Important Places https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/98e9cf96-5412-4855-b748-087b7d7bd029/Photo+1+33FH+Old+roman+catholic+Church+Fort+Hope+ON+August+2001_Andy+Fyon+ss.jpg Far North Friday #89: Important Places - Make it stand out Photo 1: The old Roman Catholic church, located on Eabamet Lake, in the homeland of Eabametoong First Nation, Ontario. Photo composed in August 2001. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/cc7fe5d7-41d5-43a8-9da1-9008cd22a4ac/Photo+2+_IMG1173_Atlin_Cemetery_Atlin_BC_July1908_SS+Andy+Fyon.JPG Far North Friday #89: Important Places - Make it stand out Photo 2: The cemetery in Atlin, British Columbia, Canada. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, July 19/08. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/ff6cc736-2916-4432-a6d7-a1435a441330/P1090459_First+Nation+rock+carvings+sacred+place+culture+St+Victor+Petroglyphs+Provincial+Historic+Park+SK+June1212+SS+Andy+Fyon.JPG Far North Friday #89: Important Places - Make it stand out Photo 3: Protected within St. Victor Petroglyphs Provincial Historic Park, Saskatchewan, Canada, this sandstone cliff ledge is a sacred place. First Nation people created carvings in the rock between AD 500 and 1700. Carvings include shapes of animal tracks, like buffalo, deer, elk, black and grizzly bear, but no horses. Shapes of turtles, human hands, feet and heads also occur. The symbols may reflect spiritual or cultural rituals, such as hunting. The carvings are thought to have been created by ancestors of the Dakota and Nakota First Nation people. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, June 12, 2012. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/81a92cbc-ebca-4601-8e34-12116b206a5f/Photo+4+IMGP0121_sunrise_Hemlock_tree_rock_Canisbay_Lake_campground_Algonquin_Provincial_Park_Aug0818_SS+Andy+Fyon.JPG Far North Friday #89: Important Places - Make it stand out Photo 4: Sunrise and a quiet time to sit beside Canisbay Lake, Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, Aug. 8/18. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/8247fcbc-513d-4593-b53c-cf8833433cff/PDR_1508+Andy+Fyon+kids+evening+by+Eabamet+Lake+Fort+Hope+July0303_SS+andy+Fyon.JPG Far North Friday #89: Important Places - Make it stand out Photo 5: Andy Fyon with kids, in the evening, by Eabamet Lake, in the homeland of Eabametoong First Nation. Photo composed by Lori Churchill, Fort Hope, Ontario, Canada, July 3/03. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/9cbec540-9a86-458f-ae39-b403aa9db218/Photo+6+PICT0006_+Brad+Yesno+Eabamet+Lake+breaking+ice+gill+net+trip+Fort+Hope+Feb2003+ss+Andy+Fyon.JPG Far North Friday #89: Important Places - Make it stand out Photo 6: Brad Yesno chops the ice away from a fish net placed under the ice on Eabamet Lake, in the homeland of Eabametoong First Nation, near the reserve community of Fort Hope, Ontario, Canada. Photo composed by Andy Fyon Feb. 20/03. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/c5b871db-1e10-41bc-a01c-a00ddd2cd6f8/Photo+7+_IMG5744_Jennifer_Simpson_Leticia_Faith_Burke_picking_berries_observation_tower_Hudson_Bay_Fort_Severn_ON_Aug1012_ss+andy+fyon.JPG Far North Friday #89: Important Places - Make it stand out Photo 7: Gathering berries, Hudson Bay lowland tundra, north of the tree line, in the homeland of Washaho Cree Nation, north of the reserve community of Fort Severn, Ontario, Canada. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, Aug. 10/12. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/66fc4126-bfb7-447f-a4fa-6dec1fceaab9/Photo+8+IMGP6686_beaver_pond_reflections_Trout_lake_road_May1207_ss+Andy+Fyon.jpg Far North Friday #89: Important Places - Make it stand out Photo 8: A special, tranquil, place beside a lake south of Sudbury, Ontario. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, May 12/07. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/4a45ce73-0291-4bc3-b4de-7c1c85ceb63a/Photo+9+IMGP4445_night+star_photography_Lake+of+Two+Rivers_Algonquin+Provincial+Park+ON+Sept2721+SS+Andy+Fyon.JPG Far North Friday #89: Important Places - Make it stand out Photo 9: Watching the night sky over Lake of Two Rivers, Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, Sept. 27/21. https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/far-north-friday-91-more-than-a-far-north-mariachi-moment daily 0.75 2023-01-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1670254774517-2K1NPHRYOFL5HQU3QA31/Photo+4+_IMG2892_rosalie_jacob_neville_jacob_coffee_shop_singing+to+us+Webequie+ON+March1810.jpg Far North Friday #91: More Than A Far North Mariachi Moment https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/eb42d9e3-1599-46b3-b4cf-e42c9e0a441f/Photo+1+IMGP9285_Elijahs_coffee_shop_webequie_june1006_fb+book2.jpg Far North Friday #91: More Than A Far North Mariachi Moment - Make it stand out Photo 1: The summer view from the outside of the coffee shop run by Elijah Jacob, in the remote fly-in, on-reserve community of Webequie, in the homeland of Webequie First Nation. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, in Webequie, June 10/06. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/96012797-78d1-4502-b58c-06811a1dea20/Photo+2+IMGP4318_Elijah_Jacob_wood_stove_store_Webequie_Dec0306_FNF.jpg Far North Friday #91: More Than A Far North Mariachi Moment - Make it stand out Photo 2: Elijah Jacob tending the wood stove inside the coffee shop. Elijah ran the coffee shop, the local taxi service, and other local businesses in the remote, fly-in, on-reserve community of Webequie, in the homeland of Webequie First Nation. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, Dec. 3/06. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/b29ee455-3a6d-4302-8c0c-f1e9451c5932/Photo+3+IMG_0455_Webequie_Mathew_Jacob_Jeremiah_Troutlake_Andy_Fyon_coffee_shop_dinner_Jan2408_FNF.jpg Far North Friday #91: More Than A Far North Mariachi Moment - Make it stand out Photo 3: An example of a typical dinner in the Webequie coffee shop, run by Elijah Jacob. Elder Mathew Jacob sits on the left, elder Jeremiah Troutlake sits in the middle, and Andy Fyon (with a mouth full of food) sits on the right. Community youth, Brianna Jacob with the blue hat sits in front of elder Mathew Jacob, and Jocelyn Shewaybick, with the red - black - white hat, sits on the right. Youth often joined us for dinner, but that is another story for another day. I see why people don’t like cameras around during a meal LOL. Photo composed by Kristina Meade, Jan. 24/08. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/41b54493-2e46-47d1-badf-278072149200/Photo+4+_IMG2892_rosalie_jacob_neville_jacob_coffee_shop_singing+to+us+Webequie+ON+March1810.jpg Far North Friday #91: More Than A Far North Mariachi Moment - Make it stand out Photo 4: Rosalie Jacob, wife of Isaiah Jacob, and Neville Jacob in the coffee shop in Webequie, following their musical serenade after dinner. Rosalie cooked the meals for us. Neville was an Addictions Worker for Webequie First Nation. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, March 18/10. https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/far-north-friday-92-power-and-politics daily 0.75 2022-12-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1670591305589-21IQMWCXBEOORVKKH24A/P1180840_airplane_sunset_bearskin_sudbury_airport_Oct2113_fb.jpg Far North Friday #92: Power and Politics https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/d90714c1-0f92-4b3a-a02a-f64ef10d8336/P1180840_airplane_sunset_bearskin_sudbury_airport_Oct2113_fb.jpg Far North Friday #92: Power and Politics - Make it stand out Photo: Note, the two aircraft in the associated photo are symbolic and represent two visiting parties in the community. The aircraft are commercial aircraft, operated by Bearskin Airlines. Photo composed in the Sudbury Airport, Oct. 21/13. https://www.ontariobeneathourfeet.com/far-north-friday-93-no-walk-tonight daily 0.75 2022-12-23 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/1671798806715-UM3PEFF9HPBKSPZ2PXM7/Photo+3+PA090663_peawanuck_polar_bear_skin_Weenusk_First_Nation_Peawanuck_ON+Dec0904_ppt.JPG Far North Friday #93: No Walk Tonight https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/8e935809-b658-4f1c-ad98-f158b54b5ca6/Photo+1+PC080597_andy_fyon_band+office+fort_severn_ON+Dec0804_fb.JPG Far North Friday #93: No Walk Tonight - Make it stand out Photo 1: Photo 1: Andy Fyon about to enter the band office of Wasaho Cree First Nation, Fort Severn, on the south shore of Hudson Bay. Fort Severn sits in the homeland of Wasaho Cree First Nation. It is Ontario’s most northerly community. It was very windy, there was snow on the ground, and it was a bit chilly! Photo composed by Lori Churchill, Dec. 8/04. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/4e344d77-3776-4a42-8a91-c03e4cd6c4e2/Photo+2+PC070556_Tommy+Miles_Kathleen_Thomas_Andy+Fyon_Lori_Churchill_Dennis_Bluecoat_Brian_Crowe_community_centre_Fort_Severn_ON_Dec0704_ppt.jpg Far North Friday #93: No Walk Tonight - Make it stand out Photo 2: “Group photo” after the informal meal in Fort Severn. From left to right are: Councillor Tommy Miles, Councillor Kathleen Thomas, OGS Andy Fyon and Lori Churchill, Councillor Dennis Bluecoat, and Deputy Chief Brian Crowe. Photo composed in the Fort Severn community center, Dec 7/04. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57c6f3bc725e25f822bf4657/a47ddc5a-0265-4dbe-9033-54923b25fcb3/Photo+3+PA090663_peawanuck_polar_bear_skin_Weenusk_First_Nation_Peawanuck_ON+Dec0904_ppt.JPG Far North Friday #93: No Walk Tonight - Make it stand out Photo 3: I did not compose a photo of the Fort Severn polar bear hide. Paradoxically, I photographed this polar bear hide in the community of Peawanuck, in the homeland of Weenusk First Nation, located to the east of Fort Severn. Peawanuck is also located along the south shore of Hudson Bay and polar bears are common in that area as well. Polar bears feed primarily on seals, which they hunt on frozen Hudson Bay. In spring, when the bay ice melts, polar bears mostly fast, without much food. As freeze up approaches, the hungry bears start to move about and occasionally enter the communities of Fort Severn and Peawanuck. We learned that a polar bear may be dispatched if it poses a threat to the community, but only as a last resort. That was the fate of the Fort Severn and Peawanuck bears. Photo composed by Andy Fyon, in Peawanuck, Ontario, close to the south shore of Hudson Bay, Dec. 9/04.